# How nonlocal damping reduces plasmon-enhanced fluorescence in ultranarrow gaps

## TL;DR

This paper investigates how nonlocal damping effects in ultranarrow plasmonic gaps limit fluorescence enhancement, showing that quantum corrections significantly reduce predicted enhancement factors and establish realistic upper bounds.

## Contribution

It introduces a theoretical framework incorporating nonlocal optical response to more accurately predict fluorescence enhancement limits in nanoscale plasmonic structures.

## Key findings

- Classical models predict fluorescence enhancement factors up to 10^5.
- Nonlocal corrections reduce enhancement by up to two orders of magnitude.
- Nonlocal effects impose finite upper bounds, aligning theory with experimental observations.

## Abstract

The nonclassical modification of plasmon-assisted fluorescence enhancement is theoretically explored by placing two-level dipole emitters at the narrow gaps encountered in canonical plasmonic architectures, namely dimers and trimers of different metallic nanoparticles. Through detailed simulations, in comparison with appropriate analytical modelling, it is shown that within classical electrodynamics, and for the reduced separations explored here, fluorescence enhancement factors of the order of $10^{5}$ can be achieved, with a divergent behaviour as the particle touching regime is approached. This remarkable prediction is mainly governed by the dramatic increase in excitation rate triggered by the corresponding field enhancement inside the gaps. Nevertheless, once nonclassical corrections are included, the amplification factors decrease by up to two orders of magnitude and a saturation regime for narrower gaps is reached. These nonclassical limitations are demonstrated by simulations based on the generalised nonlocal optical response theory, which accounts in an efficient way not only for nonlocal screening, but also for the enhanced Landau damping near the metal surface. A simple strategy to introduce nonlocal corrections to the analytic solutions is also proposed. It is therefore shown that the nonlocal optical response of the metal imposes more realistic, finite upper bounds to the enhancement feasible with ultrasmall plasmonic cavities, thus providing a theoretical description closer to state of the art experiments.