# Multi-Level Pre-Correlation RFI Flagging for Real-Time Implementation on UniBoard

## TL;DR

This paper presents a novel real-time, FPGA-based multi-level pre-correlation RFI detection and flagging system designed for high-throughput radio telescope data processing, demonstrated on the UniBoard platform with promising performance.

## Contribution

It introduces a new adaptive, real-time RFI detection scheme implemented on FPGA hardware for pre-correlation data, enabling efficient RFI mitigation in high-data-rate radio astronomy.

## Key findings

- Successful implementation on UniBoard FPGA platform
- Achieved real-time detection without iterative processing
- Evaluated detection efficiency and hardware complexity

## Abstract

Because of the denser active use of the spectrum, and because of radio telescopes higher sensitivity, radio frequency interference (RFI) mitigation has become a sensitive topic for current and future radio telescope designs. Even if quite sophisticated approaches have been proposed in the recent years, the majority of RFI mitigation operational procedures are based on post-correlation corrupted data flagging. Moreover, given the huge amount of data delivered by current and next generation radio telescopes, all these RFI detection procedures have to be at least automatic and, if possible, real-time. In this paper, the implementation of a real-time pre-correlation RFI detection and flagging procedure into generic high-performance computing platforms based on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) is described, simulated and tested. One of these boards, UniBoard, developed under a Joint Research Activity in the RadioNet FP7 European programme is based on eight FPGAs interconnected by a high speed transceiver mesh. It provides up to ~4 TMACs with Altera Stratix IV FPGA and 160 Gbps data rate for the input data stream. Considering the high in-out data rate in the pre-correlation stages, only real-time and go-through detectors (i.e. no iterative processing) can be implemented. In this paper, a real-time and adaptive detection scheme is described. An ongoing case study has been set up with the Electronic Multi-Beam Radio Astronomy Concept (EMBRACE) radio telescope facility at Nan\c{c}ay Observatory. The objective is to evaluate the performances of this concept in term of hardware complexity, detection efficiency and additional RFI metadata rate cost. The UniBoard implementation scheme is described.