# Nonlinear Volterra model of a loudspeaker behavior based on Laser Doppler Vibrometry

## TL;DR

This paper presents a nonlinear Volterra series model for loudspeaker behavior, trained with laser Doppler vibrometry data, showing improved accuracy over linear models in simulating audio system responses.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a third-order nonlinear Volterra model for loudspeakers, trained with laser vibrometry data, demonstrating enhanced simulation accuracy over linear filters.

## Key findings

- Nonlinear Volterra models outperform linear filters in loudspeaker simulation.
- Model accuracy depends on test signal, order, and parameters.
- Normalized Least Mean Square algorithm effectively determines Volterra series.

## Abstract

We demonstrate the capabilities of nonlinear Volterra models to simulate the behavior of an audio system and compare them to linear filters. In this paper a nonlinear model of an audio system based on Volterra series is presented and Normalized Least Mean Square algorithm is used to determine the Volterra series to third order. Training data for the models were collected measuring a physical speaker using a laser interferometer. We explore several training signals and filter's parameters. Results indicate a decrease in Mean Squared Error compared to the linear model with a dependency on the particular test signal, the order and the parameters of the model.