# Complete reducibility, Kulshammer's question, conjugacy classes: a D_4 example

## TL;DR

This paper explores rationality and conjugacy class problems for subgroups of algebraic groups over nonperfect fields, providing new examples in type D_4 that challenge existing assumptions and extend known phenomena.

## Contribution

It presents the first known examples of subgroup rationality discrepancies and counterexamples to Külshammer's question specifically for type D_4 groups.

## Key findings

- Existence of a D_4 subgroup that is G-completely reducible over an algebraic closure but not over the base field.
- Counterexample to Külshammer's question for D_4 type groups.
- Analysis of conjugacy class counts involving nonseparable subgroups.

## Abstract

Let $k$ be a nonperfect separably closed field. Let $G$ be a connected reductive algebraic group defined over $k$. We study rationality problems for Serre's notion of complete reducibility of subgroups of $G$. In particular, we present a new example of subgroup $H$ of $G$ of type $D_4$ in characteristic $2$ such that $H$ is $G$-completely reducible but not $G$-completely reducible over $k$ (or vice versa). This is new: all known such examples are for $G$ of exceptional type. We also find a new counterexample for K\"ulshammer's question on representations of finite groups for $G$ of type $D_4$. A problem concerning the number of conjugacy classes is also considered. The notion of nonseparable subgroups plays a crucial role in all our constructions.