# The role of the observer in goal-directed behavior

## TL;DR

This paper explores how the observer's role in defining system boundaries influences the emergence and recognition of goal-directed behavior, emphasizing the importance of information transfer and intentionality in physical and cognitive systems.

## Contribution

It introduces a framework where observers shape agents by setting boundaries, highlighting the role of information balance and intentionality in goal-directed behavior.

## Key findings

- Goal-directed behavior depends on system boundaries and information transfer.
- Observers act as 'tailors' shaping agents and their behavior.
- The self is a unique agent that is both observer and observed.

## Abstract

In goal-directed behavior, a large number of possible initial states end up in the pursued goal. The accompanying information loss implies that goal-oriented behavior is in one-to-one correspondence with an open subsystem whose entropy decreases in time. Yet ultimately, the laws of physics are reversible, so systems capable of yielding goal-directed behavior must transfer the information about initial conditions to other degrees of freedom outside the boundaries of the agent. To operate steadily, they must consume ordered degrees of freedom provided as input, and be dispensed of disordered outputs that act as wastes from the point of view of the aimed objective. Here I argue that a physical system may or may not display goal-directed behavior depending on what exactly is defined as the agent. The borders of the agent must be carefully tailored so as to entail the appropriate information balance sheet. In this game, observers play the role of tailors: They design agents by setting the limits of the system of interest. Brain-guided subjects perform this creative observation task naturally, implying that the observation of goal-oriented behavior is a goal-oriented behavior in itself. Minds evolved to cut out pieces of reality and endow them with intentionality, because ascribing intentionality is an efficient way of modeling the world, and making predictions. One most remarkable agent of whom we have indisputable evidence of its goal-pursuing attitude is the self. Notably, this agent is simultaneously the subject and the object of observation.