# Massive Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter and their detection with Gravitational Waves

## TL;DR

Massive Primordial Black Holes formed after inflation could account for dark matter, seed galaxy formation, and be detectable through gravitational waves, microlensing, and their effects on stellar dynamics.

## Contribution

This paper reviews the formation, properties, and observational signatures of Massive Primordial Black Holes as a dark matter candidate and their role in cosmic structure formation.

## Key findings

- MPBH could constitute the majority of dark matter.
- Gravitational wave signals from MPBH mergers are detectable by LIGO, LISA, and PTA.
- MPBH may explain various astrophysical phenomena like point sources and stellar ejections.

## Abstract

Massive Primordial Black Holes (MPBH) can be formed after inflation due to broad peaks in the primordial curvature power spectrum that collapse gravitationally during the radiation era, to form clusters of black holes that merge and increase in mass after recombination, generating today a broad mass-spectrum of black holes with masses ranging from 0.01 to $10^5~M_\odot$. These MPBH could act as seeds for galaxies and quick-start structure formation, initiating reionization, forming galaxies at redshift $z>10$ and clusters at $z>1$. They may also be the seeds on which SMBH and IMBH form, by accreting gas onto them and forming the centers of galaxies and quasars at high redshift. They form at rest with zero spin and have negligible cross-section with ordinary matter. If there are enough of these MPBH, they could constitute the bulk of the Dark Matter today. Such PBH could be responsible for the observed fluctuations in the CIB and X-ray backgrounds. MPBH could be directly detected by the gravitational waves emitted when they merge to form more massive black holes, as recently reported by LIGO. Their continuous merging since recombination could have generated a stochastic background of gravitational waves that could eventually be detected by LISA and PTA. MPBH may actually be responsible for the unidentified point sources seen by Fermi, Magic and Chandra. Furthermore, the ejection of stars from shallow potential wells like those of Dwarf Spheroidals (DSph), via the gravitational slingshot effect, could be due to MPBH, thus alleviating the substructure and too-big-to-fail problems of standard collisionless CDM. Their mass distribution peaks at a few tens of $M_\odot$ today, and could be detected also with long-duration microlensing events, as well as by the anomalous motion of stars in GAIA. Their presence as CDM in the Universe could be seen in the time-dilation of lensed images of quasars.