# Stellar energetic particle ionization in protoplanetary disks around T Tauri stars

## TL;DR

This study models how energetic particles from young T Tauri stars influence ionization in protoplanetary disks, affecting observable molecular ions and offering a way to measure stellar particle fluxes.

## Contribution

It introduces a detailed 2D model of stellar energetic particle ionization in protoplanetary disks, highlighting its impact on molecular tracers and potential observational diagnostics.

## Key findings

- Stellar particles significantly affect surface layer ionization tracers.
- Stellar particles do not reach the disk midplane, unlike cosmic rays and X-rays.
- Observations of molecular ions can help constrain stellar particle fluxes.

## Abstract

Anomalies in the abundance measurements of short lived radionuclides in meteorites indicate that the protosolar nebulae was irradiated by a high amount of energetic particles (E$\gtrsim$10 MeV). The particle flux of the contemporary Sun cannot explain these anomalies. However, similar to T Tauri stars the young Sun was more active and probably produced enough high energy particles to explain those anomalies. We want to study the interaction of stellar energetic particles with the gas component of the disk and identify possible observational tracers of this interaction. We use a 2D radiation thermo-chemical protoplanetary disk code to model a disk representative for T Tauri stars. We use a particle energy distribution derived from solar flare observations and an enhanced stellar particle flux proposed for T Tauri stars. For this particle spectrum we calculate the stellar particle ionization rate throughout the disk with an accurate particle transport model. We study the impact of stellar particles for models with varying X-ray and cosmic-ray ionization rates. We find that stellar particle ionization has a significant impact on the abundances of the common disk ionization tracers HCO$^+$ and N$_2$H$^+$, especially in models with low cosmic-ray ionization rates. In contrast to cosmic rays and X-rays, stellar particles cannot reach the midplane of the disk. Therefore molecular ions residing in the disk surface layers are more affected by stellar particle ionization than molecular ions tracing the cold layers/midplane of the disk. Spatially resolved observations of molecular ions tracing different vertical layers of the disk allow to disentangle the contribution of stellar particle ionization from other competing ionization sources. Modeling such observations with a model like the one presented here allows to constrain the stellar particle flux in disks around T Tauri stars.