# Hydrodynamical and radio evolution of young supernova remnant G1.9+0.3 based on the model of diffusive shock acceleration

## TL;DR

This study models the hydrodynamical and radio evolution of the young supernova remnant G1.9+0.3, explaining its increasing radio flux and predicting future decline, using 3D hydrodynamics and non-linear cosmic ray acceleration theories.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a comprehensive 3D hydrodynamic and non-linear diffusive shock acceleration model for G1.9+0.3, explaining its radio brightening and predicting its future evolution.

## Key findings

- Radio flux density increased by ~1.8% per year over two decades
- Model fits well with radio to X-ray observations from multiple telescopes
- Predicted flux density will decrease after approximately 500 years

## Abstract

The radio evolution of, so far the youngest known, Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) G1.9+0.3 is investigated by using three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic modelling and non-linear kinetic theory of cosmic ray (CR) acceleration in SNRs. We include consistent numerical treatment of magnetic field amplification (MFA) due to resonant streaming instability. Under the assumption that SNR G1.9+0.3 is the result of a Type Ia supernova explosion located near the Galactic Centre, using widely accepted values for explosion energy 10$^{51}$ erg and ejecta mass 1.4 $M_{\odot}$, the non-thermal continuum radio emission is calculated. The main purpose of this paper is to explain radio flux brightening measured over recent decades and also predict its future temporal evolution. We estimate that the SNR is now $\sim$ 120 yr old, expanding in an ambient density of 0.02 cm$^{-3}$, and explain its steep radio spectral index only by means of efficient non-linear diffusive shock acceleration (NLDSA). We also make comparison between simulations and observations of this young SNR, in order to test the models and assumptions suggested. Our model prediction of a radio flux density increase of $\sim$ 1.8 per cent yr$^{-1}$ during the past two decades agrees well with the measured values. We synthesize the synchrotron spectrum from radio to X-ray and it fits well the VLA, MOST, Effelsberg, Chandra and NuSTAR measurements. We also propose a simplified evolutionary model of the SNR in gamma rays and suggest it may be a promising target for gamma-ray observations at TeV energies with the future generation of instruments like Cherenkov Telescope Array. SNR G1.9+0.3 is the only known Galactic SNR with the increasing flux density and we present here the prediction that the flux density will start to decrease approximately 500 yr from now. We conclude that this is a general property of SNRs in free expansion phase.