# Polarization in Monte Carlo radiative transfer and dust scattering polarization signatures of spiral galaxies

## TL;DR

This paper presents a new implementation of polarization modeling in the SKIRT Monte Carlo radiative transfer code, enabling detailed analysis of dust scattering and polarization signatures in spiral galaxies.

## Contribution

The implementation supports co-moving reference frames and the peel-off mechanism, with validation against analytical solutions and previous studies, applied to dusty spiral galaxy models.

## Key findings

- Polarization maps reveal dust arm signatures independent of galaxy inclination.
- The code accurately reproduces analytical solutions for polarization.
- Application to spiral galaxies demonstrates the method's effectiveness.

## Abstract

Polarization is an important tool to further the understanding of interstellar dust and the sources behind it. In this paper we describe our implementation of polarization that is due to scattering of light by spherical grains and electrons in the dust Monte Carlo radiative transfer code SKIRT. In contrast to the implementations of other Monte Carlo radiative transfer codes, ours uses co-moving reference frames that rely solely on the scattering processes. It fully supports the peel-off mechanism that is crucial for the efficient calculation of images in 3D Monte Carlo codes. We develop reproducible test cases that push the limits of our code. The results of our program are validated by comparison with analytically calculated solutions. Additionally, we compare results of our code to previously published results. We apply our method to models of dusty spiral galaxies at near-infrared and optical wavelengths. We calculate polarization degree maps and show them to contain signatures that trace characteristics of the dust arms independent of the inclination or rotation of the galaxy.