# Large deviations of a tracer in the symmetric exclusion process

## TL;DR

This paper derives exact formulas for the large deviations and fluctuations of a tracer particle in a one-dimensional symmetric exclusion process, revealing detailed statistical properties in both equilibrium and non-equilibrium states.

## Contribution

It provides the first exact characterization of the large deviation function and cumulant generating function for a tracer in the symmetric exclusion process.

## Key findings

- Exact formulas for cumulant generating function and large deviation function.
- Full statistical description of tracer position in equilibrium and non-equilibrium.
- Special case results for equilibrium fluctuations with uniform density.

## Abstract

The one-dimensional symmetric exclusion process, the simplest interacting particle process, is a lattice-gas made of particles that hop symmetrically on a discrete line respecting hard-core exclusion. The system is prepared on the infinite lattice with a step initial profile with average densities $\rho_{+}$ and $\rho_{-}$ on the right and on the left of the origin. When $\rho_{+} = \rho_{-}$, the gas is at equilibrium and undergoes stationary fluctuations. When these densities are unequal, the gas is out of equilibrium and will remain so forever. A tracer, or a tagged particle, is initially located at the boundary between the two domains; its position $X_t$ is a random observable in time, that carries information on the non-equilibrium dynamics of the whole system. We derive an exact formula for the cumulant generating function and the large deviation function of $X_t$, in the long time limit, and deduce the full statistical properties of the tracer's position. The equilibrium fluctuations of the tracer's position, when the density is uniform, are obtained as an important special case.