Station-keeping control of an unmanned surface vehicle exposed to current and wind disturbances

TL;DR

This study evaluates various nonlinear control strategies for station-keeping of a USV in outdoor marine conditions with wind and current disturbances, finding sliding mode control most effective.

Contribution

It compares nonlinear controllers and wind feedforward strategies for USV station-keeping under real environmental disturbances, highlighting sliding mode control's superior performance.

Findings

Sliding mode controller outperformed others in outdoor tests.

Wind feedforward control improved PDI and backstepping controllers when wind was perpendicular.

A single anemometer suffices to characterize wind for control purposes.

Abstract

Field trials of a 4 meter long, 180 kilogram, unmanned surface vehicle (USV) have been conducted to evaluate the performance of station-keeping heading and position controllers in an outdoor marine environment disturbed by wind and current. The USV has a twin hull configuration and a custom-designed propulsion system, which consists of two azimuthing thrusters, one for each hull. Nonlinear proportional derivative, backstepping and sliding mode feedback controllers were tested in winds of about 4-5 knots, with and without wind feedforward control. The controllers were tested when the longitudinal axis of the USV was aligned with the mean wind direction and when the longitudinal axis was perpendicular to the mean wind direction. It was found that the sliding mode controller performed best overall and that the addition of wind feedforward control did not significantly improve its effectiveness. However, wind feedforward control did substantially improve the performance of the proportional derivative and backstepping controllers when the mean wind direction was perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the USV. An analysis of the length scales present in the power spectrum of the turbulent speed fluctuations in the wind suggests that a single anemometer is sufficient to characterize the speed and direction of the wind acting on the USV.