# Whipping of electrified visco-capillary jets in airflows

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel model framework using a Cosserat rod description to analyze the whipping instability in electrified visco-capillary jets, enabling efficient computation of stable stationary solutions considering multiple physical effects.

## Contribution

It proposes a new modeling approach for jet whipping instability based on a Cosserat rod framework with a continuation-collocation numerical method.

## Key findings

- The model captures the qualitative behavior of jet whipping.
- Numerical simulations demonstrate the method's efficiency and robustness.
- The approach allows exploration of high-dimensional parameter spaces.

## Abstract

An electrified visco-capillary jet shows different dynamic behavior, such as cone forming, breakage into droplets, whipping and coiling, depending on the considered parameter regime. The whipping instability that is of fundamental importance for electrospinning has been approached by means of stability analysis in previous papers. In this work we alternatively propose a model framework in which the instability can be computed straightforwardly as the stable stationary solution of an asymptotic Cosserat rod description. For this purpose, we adopt a procedure by Ribe (Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A, 2004) describing the jet dynamics with respect to a frame rotating with the a priori unknown whipping frequency that itself becomes part of the solution. The rod model allows for stretching, bending and torsion, taking into account inertia, viscosity, surface tension, electric field and air drag. For the resulting parametric boundary value problem of ordinary differential equations we present a continuation-collocation method. On top of an implicit Runge-Kutta scheme of fifth order, our developed continuation procedure makes the efficient and robust simulation and navigation through a high-dimensional parameter space possible. Despite the simplicity of the employed electric force model the numerical results are convincing, the whipping effect is qualitatively well characterized.