# Tricritical behavior of nonequilibrium Ising spins in fluctuating environments

## TL;DR

This paper explores how nonequilibrium conditions in a fluctuating network of Ising spins lead to tricritical behavior, showing transitions between continuous and discontinuous phase changes influenced by temperature differences.

## Contribution

It introduces a generalized nonequilibrium Ising model on a fluctuating network, revealing tricritical points and phase transition behaviors not seen in equilibrium or simpler models.

## Key findings

- Identification of a tricritical point in the phase diagram.
- Demonstration that nonequilibrium driving can change transition order.
- Analysis of heat flow between heat baths.

## Abstract

We investigate the phase transitions in a coupled system of Ising spins and a fluctuating network. Each spin interacts with $q$ neighbors through links of the rewiring network. The Ising spins and the network are in thermal contact with the heat baths at temperatures $T_S$ and $T_L$, respectively, so that the whole system is driven out of equilibrium for $T_S \neq T_L$. The model is a generalization of the $q$-neighbor Ising model, which corresponds to the limiting case of $T_L=\infty$. Despite the mean field nature of the interaction, the $q$-neighbor Ising model was shown to display a discontinuous phase transition for $q\geq 4$. Setting up the rate equations for the magnetization and the energy density, we obtain the phase diagram in the $T_S$-$T_L$ parameter space. The phase diagram consists of a ferromagnetic phase and a paramagnetic phase. The two phases are separated by a continuous phase transition belonging to the mean field universality class or by a discontinuous phase transition with an intervening coexistence phase. The equilibrium system with $T_S=T_L$ falls into the former case while the $q$-neighbor Ising model falls into the latter case. At the tricritical point, the system exhibits the mean field tricritical behavior. Our model demonstrates a possibility that a continuous phase transition turns into a discontinuous transition by a nonequilibrium driving. Heat flow induced by the temperature difference between two heat baths is also studied.