# Kinetic particle simulations in a global toroidal geometry

## TL;DR

The paper presents an upgraded gyrokinetic code for global toroidal simulations, incorporating kinetic particle pushers and validating ion orbit loss and zonal flow phenomena in the DIII-D tokamak.

## Contribution

It introduces a fully kinetic particle pusher and coupling of core and edge regions in a global gyrokinetic simulation framework.

## Key findings

- Ion orbit loss fractions increase with ion energy.
- Simulation results agree with theoretical and experimental observations.
- Successful verification of the new code's capability in tokamak edge and core phenomena.

## Abstract

The gyrokinetic toroidal code (GTC) has been upgraded for global simulations by coupling the core and scrape-off layer (SOL) regions across the separatrix with field-aligned particle-grid interpolations. A fully kinetic particle pusher for high frequency waves (ion cyclotron frequency and beyond) and a guiding center pusher for low frequency waves have been implemented using cylindrical coordinates in a global toroidal geometry. The two integrators correctly capture the particle orbits and agree well with each other, conserving energy and canonical angular momentum. As a verification and application of this new capability, ion guiding center simulations have been carried out to study ion orbit losses at the edge of the DIII-D tokamak for single null magnetic separatrix discharges. The ion loss conditions are examined as a function of the pitch angle for cases without and with a radial electric field. The simulations show good agreement with past theoretical results and with experimentally observed feature in which high energy ions flow out along the ion drift orbits and then hit the divertor plates. A measure of the ion direct orbit loss fraction shows that the loss fraction increases with the ion energy for DIII-D in the initial velocity space. Finally, as a further verification of the capability of the new code, self-consistent simulations of zonal flows in the core region of the DIII-D tokamak were carried out. All DIII-D simulations were perfomed in the absence of turbulence.