Flow dominance and factorization of transverse momentum correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC

TL;DR

This paper reports the first measurement of two-particle transverse momentum correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC, revealing flow-dominated structures and a double-hump pattern indicative of triangular flow effects.

Contribution

It introduces the first measurement of the $P_2$ correlation function in heavy-ion collisions and demonstrates its relation to collective flow phenomena, especially triangular flow.

Findings

Double-hump structure in $P_2$ around $ riangle \varphi=\pi$ in central collisions.

Correlation patterns consistent with flow-based models at large $ riangle \eta$.

Indication that momentum correlations are governed by collective motion.

Abstract

We present the first measurement of the two-particle transverse momentum differential correlation function, $P_2\equiv\langle \Delta p_{\rm T} \Delta p_{\rm T} \rangle /\langle p_{\rm T} \rangle^2$, in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}} =$ 2.76 TeV. Results for $P_2$ are reported as a function of relative pseudorapidity ($\Delta \eta$) and azimuthal angle ($\Delta \varphi$) between two particles for different collision centralities. The $\Delta \phi$ dependence is found to be largely independent of $\Delta \eta$ for $|\Delta \eta| \geq$ 0.9. In 5% most central Pb-Pb collisions, the two-particle transverse momentum correlation function exhibits a clear double-hump structure around $\Delta \varphi = \pi$ (i.e., on the away side), which is not observed in number correlations in the same centrality range, and thus provides an indication of the dominance of triangular flow in this collision centrality. Fourier decompositions of $P_2$, studied as a function of collision centrality, show that correlations at $|\Delta \eta| \geq$ 0.9 can be well reproduced by a flow ansatz based on the notion that measured momentum correlations are strictly determined by the collective motion of the system.

Equations

$$P_2=\frac{⟨\Delta p_{\mathrm{T}}\Delta p_{\mathrm{T}}⟩\left(\Delta \eta ,\Delta \phi \right)}{⟨p_{\mathrm{T}}{⟩}^2}=\frac{1}{⟨p_{\mathrm{T}}{⟩}^2}\frac{{\int }_{p_{\mathrm{T},\min }}^{p_{\mathrm{T},\max }}{\rho }_2({\vec{p}}_1,{\vec{p}}_2)\Delta p_{\mathrm{T},1}\Delta p_{\mathrm{T},2}d{p}_{\mathrm{T},1}d{p}_{\mathrm{T},2}}{{\int }_{p_{\mathrm{T},\min }}^{p_{\mathrm{T},\max }}{\rho }_2({\vec{p}}_1,{\vec{p}}_2)d{p}_{\mathrm{T},1}d{p}_{\mathrm{T},2}},$$

$$v_n[P_2]\cong v_n^{p_{\mathrm{T}}}/⟨p_{\mathrm{T}}⟩-v_n,$$

$$R_2+1={\int }_{p_{\mathrm{T},\min }}^{p_{\mathrm{T},\max }}{\rho }_2({\vec{p}}_1,{\vec{p}}_2)d{p}_{\mathrm{T},1}d{p}_{\mathrm{T},2}/{\int }_{p_{\mathrm{T},\min }}^{p_{\mathrm{T},\max }}{\rho }_1({\vec{p}}_1){\rho }_1({\vec{p}}_2)d{p}_{\mathrm{T},1}d{p}_{\mathrm{T},2}.$$

Full text

\PHyear2017 \PHnumber021 \PHdate30 Jan

\ShortTitleTransverse momentum correlations

\CollaborationALICE Collaboration††thanks: See Appendix A for the list of collaboration members \ShortAuthorALICE Collaboration

We present the first measurement of the two-particle transverse momentum differential correlation function, $P_{2}\equiv\langle\Delta p_{\rm T}\Delta p_{\rm T}\rangle/\langle p_{\rm T}\rangle^{2}$, in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{\rm NN}}}=$ 2.76 TeV. Results for $P_{2}$ are reported as a function of relative pseudorapidity ($\Delta\eta$) and azimuthal angle ($\Delta\varphi$) between two particles for different collision centralities. The $\Delta\phi$ dependence is found to be largely independent of $\Delta\eta$ for $|\Delta\eta|\geq$ 0.9. In 5% most central Pb–Pb collisions, the two-particle transverse momentum correlation function exhibits a clear double-hump structure around $\Delta\varphi=\pi$ (i.e., on the away side), which is not observed in number correlations in the same centrality range, and thus provides an indication of the dominance of triangular flow in this collision centrality. Fourier decompositions of $P_{2}$, studied as a function of collision centrality, show that correlations at $|\Delta\eta|\geq$ 0.9 can be well reproduced by a flow ansatz based on the notion that measured transverse momentum correlations are strictly determined by the collective motion of the system.

Measurements of particle production and their correlations in heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have provided very compelling evidence that the produced matter is characterized by extremely high temperatures and energy densities consistent with a deconfined, but strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma (sQGP). Evidence for the production of the sQGP is provided by observations of large suppression of particle production at momenta $p_{\rm T}\gtrsim 3$ GeV/c relative to that observed in pp collisions, strong suppression of away-side particles observed in two-particle number correlations, as well as by anisotropic flow studies (anisotropies in particle azimuthal distributions relative to the reaction plane defined by the beam axis and a line connecting the centers of colliding nuclei)  [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. The comparison of measured flow coefficients, $v_{n}$, with predictions from hydrodynamical models indicate that the sQGP has a vanishingly small shear viscosity over entropy density ratio [12]. Furthermore, the observation of an approximate number of constituent quark scaling of flow coefficients in the $2<p_{T}<4$ GeV/$c$ range, suggested as a signature of a deconfined medium [13], was reported by RHIC and LHC experiments [14, 15]. These results imply that the two-particle number correlations observed in the region of low $p_{\rm T}$ ($<2$ GeV/c), corresponding to the bulk of particle production, are largely determined by anisotropic flow. Such flow dominance is manifested, in particular, by an approximate factorization of the measured flow coefficients, $V_{n\Delta}(\eta_{1},p_{\rm T,1},\eta_{2},p_{\rm T,2})=\left\langle\cos(n\Delta\varphi)\right\rangle=\left\langle v_{n}(\eta_{1},p_{\rm T,1})v_{n}(\eta_{2},p_{\rm T,2})\right\rangle$, observed for pairs of particles at relative pseudorapidity $\Delta\eta>0.8$, in different transverse momentum bins up to $p_{\rm T}\approx 3-5$ GeV/c [16].

Two-particle transverse momentum correlations [17, 18, 19, 20, 21] provide additional insights into the dynamics of multiparticle production and can be used to further examine the flow dominance of two-particle correlation functions. One expects, in particular, that in the presence of anisotropic flow, the differential transverse momentum correlator $\langle\Delta p_{\rm T}\Delta p_{\rm T}\rangle$ should feature azimuthal Fourier decomposition coefficients calculable with a simple formula, hereafter called the flow ansatz, in terms of the regular and $p_{\rm T}$ weighted flow coefficients [17]. Such a simple relation, discussed in more details below, is not expected for particle production arising from processes not related to the common symmetry plane, known as non-flow, such as jets or resonance decays. An agreement between the Fourier coefficients of the $\langle\Delta p_{\rm T}\Delta p_{\rm T}\rangle$ correlator and those calculated with the flow ansatz should thus provide additional evidence of the dominance of collective flow effects.

In this Letter, we present the first measurements of the differential transverse momentum correlations in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=$ 2.76 TeV in terms of the dimensionless correlator $P_{2}$ defined as

[TABLE]

where $\Delta p_{\rm T,i}=p_{\rm T,i}-\langle p_{\rm T}\rangle$, with $\langle p_{\rm T}\rangle=\int\rho_{1}~{}p_{\rm T}~{}dp_{\rm T}~{}/\int\rho_{1}~{}dp_{\rm T}$, the inclusive average transverse momentum of particles observed in the $p_{\rm T,min}\leq p_{\rm T}\leq p_{\rm T,max}$ range. The quantities $\rho_{1}$ and $\rho_{2}$ represent single and two-particle densities, respectively. For particle correlations induced strictly by anisotropic emission relative to the reaction plane, the Fourier coefficients of $P_{2}$, $v_{n}[P_{2}]$, should be determined by regular and the $p_{\rm T}$ weighted flow coefficients defined according to the following flow ansatz [17]:

[TABLE]

where $v_{n}$ and $v_{n}^{p_{\rm T}}=$ $\int\rho_{1}v_{n}(p_{\rm T})p_{\rm T}dp_{\rm T}/\int\rho_{1}dp_{\rm T}$ are the regular, and $p_{\rm T}$ weighted coefficients, respectively [17, 22]. Thus, we shall compare the Fourier coefficients of the $P_{2}$ correlator to values expected from this ansatz based on coefficients $v_{n}$ and $v_{n}^{p_{\rm T}}$ measured with traditional flow methods, e.g., the scalar product method [22].

This study is based on an analysis of a $14\times 10^{6}$ events subset of a sample of minimum bias (MB) trigger events recorded with the ALICE detector during the LHC Run $1$ in $2010$. Detailed descriptions of the ALICE detector, its subsystems, and their respective performance have been reported in [23, 24, 25, 26]. For this study, the Inner Tracking System (ITS) and the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) were used to reconstruct charged-particle tracks, while the V0 detector and the Silicon Pixel Detector (SPD) formed the basis of the online minimum bias trigger used to acquire the data, as described in  [5, 6].

The ALICE solenoidal magnet was operated with a field of 0.5 $T$ with both positive and negative polarities. Events included in this analysis were required to have a single reconstructed primary vertex within 10 cm of the nominal interaction point along the beam axis, hereafter taken to be the $z$-axis. The fraction of pile-up events in the analysis sample is found to be negligible after applying dedicated pile-up removal criteria [26].

Correlation functions reported in this article are based on charged-particle tracks measured in the pseudorapidity range $|\eta|<1.0$ and with full azimuthal coverage $0\leq\varphi<2\pi$. The analysis was limited to particles produced with $0.2<p_{\rm T}<$ 2.0 GeV/c corresponding largely to particles emerging from the bulk of the matter. Only tracks with a minimum of 70 reconstructed space points in the TPC, out of a maximum of 159, were included in the analysis. Contributions from photon conversions into $e^{+}e^{-}$ pairs were suppressed based on an electron rejection criterion relying on the truncated average of the specific ionization energy loss $\langle dE/dx\rangle$ measured in the TPC. Tracks with $\langle dE/dx\rangle$ lying within 3$\sigma_{dE/dx}$ of the Bethe-Bloch parametrization of the $dE/dx$ expectation value for electrons and at least 3$\sigma_{dE/dx}$ away from the relevant parameterizations for $\pi$, $K$, $p$ were removed. In addition, suppression of the contamination from secondary particles originating from weak decays and from interaction of particles with the detector material was accomplished by imposing upper limits of 3.2 cm and 2.4 cm (RMS $\sim$ 0.36 cm) for the distance of closest approach (DCA) of a track to the reconstructed vertex in the longitudinal (${\rm DCA}_{z}$) and radial (${\rm DCA}_{xy}$) directions, respectively. These criteria lead to a reconstruction efficiency of about 80% for primary particles and contamination from secondaries of about 5% at $p_{\rm{T}}$ = 1 GeV/c [27]. No filters were used to suppress like-sign (LS) particle correlations resulting from Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) effects, which produce a strong and narrow peak centered at $\Delta\eta,\Delta\varphi=0$ in LS correlation functions. Corrections for single track losses were carried out using the weight technique described in [28] with weights calculated separately for positively and negatively charged tracks, positive and negative solenoidal magnetic fields, and with 40 vertex position bins in the fiducial range $|z|\leq 10$ cm. Pair inefficiencies associated with track merging or crossing (e.g. two tracks being partly or entirely reconstructed as a single track) within the TPC were corrected for based on track charge and momentum ordering techniques [29]. The $P_{2}$ correlators were measured separately for charge pair combinations $++$, $+-$, and $--$ and were combined with equal weights to produce the charge independent correlation functions reported in this article.

Systematic uncertainties were investigated by repeating the analysis for different operational and analysis conditions including two solenoidal magnetic field polarities, different event and track selection criteria, as well as different track reconstruction methods. Track selection criteria, most particularly the maximum value of distance of closest approach to the primary vertex, dominate systematic effects. The systematic uncertainties assigned to the measurements of $v_{n}$ coefficients are the quadratic sums of individual contributions and range from 4% in central 0 – 10% collisions to 14% in peripheral 70 – 80% collisions.

Figure 1 (a) presents the correlator $P_{2}$ measured as a function of $\Delta\eta$ and $\Delta\varphi$ in the 5% most central Pb–Pb collisions. The central range around $\Delta\eta\sim 0$ and $\Delta\varphi\sim 0(\rm rad)$ is left under-corrected by the weight correction procedure mainly due to track merging effects. It is thus not considered in this analysis. 111The central range around $\Delta\eta\sim 0$ and $\Delta\varphi\sim 0(\rm rad)$ is considered, however, in a related ALICE analysis carried out with a mixed event technique [30]. The correlator $P_{2}$ features a prominent near-side ridge centered at $\Delta\varphi=0$, extending across the full pseudorapidity range of the measurement. It also features two distinct away-side humps at $|\Delta\varphi-\pi|\approx 60^{\circ}$ separated by a weak dip centered at $\Delta\varphi=\pi$ and also extending across the full pseudorapidity range of the acceptance. Such an away-side correlation feature, which indicates the presence of a strong third harmonic, was previously reported in ultra-central (0–2%) Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC [16, 31, 32] as well as in central Au–Au collisions at RHIC but for the latter case only after the subtraction of a correlated component whose shape was exclusively attributed to elliptic flow [33, 34, 35].

To further study the azimuthal angle dependence of transverse momentum correlations, projections of the measured $P_{2}$ correlation function are fitted with an unconstrained 6-th order Fourier decomposition in $\Delta\varphi$ according to $F(\Delta\varphi)=b_{0}+2\sum_{n=1}^{6}b_{n}~{}\cos(n\Delta\varphi)$, as illustrated in Fig. 1 (b). We verified that higher-order contributions, with $n>6$, do not significantly improve the fits for $|\Delta\eta|\geq$ 0.9. Coefficients $b_{5},b_{6}$ feature large relative errors and are thus not reported in this paper. The double-hump at $|\Delta\varphi-\pi|\approx 60^{\circ}$ implies the presence of a strong third harmonic, $v_{3}$, in the Fourier decompositions of the correlation functions. The large $v_{3}$ likely originates from fluctuations in the initial density profile of colliding nuclei [36].

The flow coefficients obtained from two-particle transverse momentum correlations, $v_{n}[P_{2}]$, calculated according to $v_{n}=\sqrt{b_{n}/(b_{0}+1)}$, are plotted in Fig. 2 as a function of centrality for central (0 – 5%) up to peripheral collisions (70 – 80%). The $v_{n}[P_{2}]$ coefficients exhibit a collision centrality dependence qualitatively similar to that of regular flow coefficients obtained from standard flow measurement methods [22]. In addition, they feature a hierarchy such that $v_{2}>v_{3}>v_{4}$ at all centralities except in the 5% most central Pb–Pb collisions where the third is slightly larger than the second harmonic, thereby explaining the presence of the away-side double-hump seen in Fig. 1. This is at variance with the dependence of the regular flow coefficients which, even in the centrality range 0–5%, exhibit the basic hierarchy $v_{2}>v_{3}>v_{4}$. The observed higher value of $v_{3}[P_{2}]$ relative to $v_{2}[P_{2}]$ implies that $v_{3}$ should rise faster with increasing $p_{\rm T}$ than $v_{2}$, in agreement with explicit measurements of the flow coefficients dependence on $p_{\rm T}$ [37].

We next consider the possible role of non-flow correlations on the correlator $P_{2}$ by comparing, in Fig. 2, the $v_{n}[P_{2}]$ coefficients obtained in ranges $0.2\leq|\Delta\eta|\leq 0.9$ and $0.9\leq|\Delta\eta|\leq 1.9$ with values predicted by the flow ansatz, introduced above. In the range $0.9\leq|\Delta\eta|\leq 1.9$ (see Fig. 2(c)), one observes that the coefficients $v_{n}[P_{2}]$ are in a very good agreement, at all measured collision centralities, with expectations from the flow ansatz. This agreement provides additional evidence that two-particle correlations in this relative pseudorapidity range are predominantly determined by the collective nature of particle emission at low $p_{\rm T}$, which motivates the factorization hypothesis used to derive Eq. (2). It also suggests that away-side jets, that might be associated with the near-side peak, are significantly suppressed and contribute minimally to the away-side correlated yield in that $\eta$ range. In contrast, in the range $0.2\leq|\Delta\eta|\leq 0.9$ (see Fig. 2(a)), the $v_{n}[P_{2}]$ coefficients exhibit a stronger and monotonic centrality evolution. In particular, the $v_{n}[P_{2}]$ deviate significantly from the flow ansatz for collision centralities larger than 40%, where one expects the largest non-flow contributions associated with the presence of the correlation function near-side peak.

Using the same measurement technique, we further compare features of the $P_{2}$ correlation function to that of the number correlation function, $R_{2}$, defined as

[TABLE]

Figure  3 presents the $\Delta\eta$ dependence of $v_{n}$, $n=$2, 3 and 4, coefficients obtained from these correlation functions for the 5% most central collisions. In this centrality interval one finds that the hierarchies $v_{3}[P_{2}]>v_{2}[P_{2}]$ and $v_{2}[R_{2}]>v_{3}[R_{2}]$ indeed hold for all measured $\Delta\eta$. The dominance of $v_{3}[P_{2}]$ across all $\Delta\eta$ is likely a consequence of the third harmonic’s (triangular flow) stronger dependence on $p_{\rm T}$ relative to that of the second harmonic (elliptic flow). The $v_{2}$, $v_{3}$, and $v_{4}$ dependencies on $\Delta\eta$ reveal additional interesting features. In the case of the $R_{2}$ correlation, the coefficients $v_{2}$ and $v_{3}$ monotonically decrease over the entire $\Delta\eta$ range, whereas coefficients extracted from $P_{2}$ exhibit a more pronounced decrease for $|\Delta\eta|\leq 0.9$. From $|\Delta\eta|\sim 1.0$ to $\sim 2.0$, the relative decrease of $v_{2}$ is about 5% for both correlators, and somewhat smaller for $v_{3}$. These contrasting dependencies reflect the different shapes of the near-side peaks of the two correlation functions. The narrower shape of the near-side peak of the $P_{2}$ distribution suggests that the near-side peak of $R_{2}$ might involve two components, one of which is characterized by a vanishing $\langle\Delta p_{\rm T}\Delta p_{\rm T}\rangle$ for pairs with $|\Delta\eta|\leq 0.9$. While the origin of this behavior is not fully understood, it offers the benefit of enabling the determination of flow coefficients with smaller non-flow effects using a narrower $\Delta\eta$ gap.

In summary, we presented the first measurements of the two-particle transverse momentum differential correlation function $P_{2}$ from Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=$ 2.76 TeV. In the 5% most central Pb–Pb collisions, $P_{2}$ has a shape qualitatively different to that observed in measurements of the number density correlations, with a relatively narrow near-side peak near $|\Delta\eta|,\;|\Delta\varphi|<0.5$, and a longitudinally broad and double-hump structure on the away-side. The double-hump structure in the 5% most central $P_{2}$ correlation indicates that this observable is more sensitive to the presence of a triangular flow component than the number correlations $R_{2}$, and consequently provides an indication that triangular flow features a stronger dependence on $p_{\rm T}$ than elliptic flow does. Comparison of the Fourier decompositions of the $R_{2}$ and $P_{2}$ correlators, calculated as a function of $|\Delta\eta|$, suggests that the $v_{2}$, $v_{3}$, and $v_{4}$ coefficients extracted from $P_{2}$ reach approximately constant values beyond $|\Delta\eta|\sim 0.9$, while coefficients $v_{2}$, $v_{3}$ obtained from $R_{2}$ decrease monotonically for increasing $|\Delta\eta|$. The observed agreement between the flow coefficients measured from $P_{2}$ correlations, at $|\Delta\eta|>0.9$, and the values predicted from the flow ansatz provide new and independent support to the notion that the observed long range correlations are largely due to the initial collision geometry. These results may be used to further constrain particle production models. This agreement to the flow ansatz also provides further evidence for flow coefficient factorization in heavy-ion collisions.

Acknowledgements

The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers and technicians for their invaluable contributions to the construction of the experiment and the CERN accelerator teams for the outstanding performance of the LHC complex. The ALICE Collaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and support provided by all Grid centres and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) collaboration. The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following funding agencies for their support in building and running the ALICE detector: A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences and Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil; Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC), National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and Ministry of Education of China (MOEC) , China; Ministry of Science, Education and Sport and Croatian Science Foundation, Croatia; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Research — Natural Sciences, the Carlsberg Foundation and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA) and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; Ministry of Education, Research and Religious Affairs, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, India; Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia; Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Science and Technology , Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (IIST), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI and Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nationaal instituut voor subatomaire fysica (Nikhef), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Science and Higher Education and National Science Centre, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics and Romanian National Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation, Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Russia; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion and Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Spain; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSDTA), Suranaree University of Technology (SUT) and Office of the Higher Education Commission under NRU project of Thailand, Thailand; Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America.

Appendix A The ALICE Collaboration

J. Adam${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 38}}$, D. Adamová${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, M.M. Aggarwal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, G. Aglieri Rinella${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, M. Agnello${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 30}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, N. Agrawal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 47}}$, Z. Ahammed${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137}}$, S. Ahmad${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 17}}$, S.U. Ahn${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 70}}$, S. Aiola${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, A. Akindinov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 54}}$, S.N. Alam${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137}}$, D.S.D. Albuquerque${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 124}}$, D. Aleksandrov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, B. Alessandro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, D. Alexandre${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 104}}$, R. Alfaro Molina${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 64}}$, A. Alici${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 12}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 107}}$, A. Alkin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 3}}$, J. Alme${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36}}$, T. Alt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 41}}$, S. Altinpinar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$, I. Altsybeev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 136}}$, C. Alves Garcia Prado${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123}}$, M. An${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, C. Andrei${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, H.A. Andrews${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 104}}$, A. Andronic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, V. Anguelov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, C. Anson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 90}}$, T. Antičić${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 101}}$, F. Antinori${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 110}}$, P. Antonioli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 107}}$, R. Anwar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126}}$, L. Aphecetche${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, H. Appelshäuser${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, S. Arcelli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26}}$, R. Arnaldi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, O.W. Arnold${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 97}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35}}$, I.C. Arsene${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20}}$, M. Arslandok${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, B. Audurier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, A. Augustinus${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, R. Averbeck${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, M.D. Azmi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 17}}$, A. Badalà${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, Y.W. Baek${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, S. Bagnasco${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, R. Bailhache${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, R. Bala${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, A. Baldisseri${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 66}}$, R.C. Baral${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, A.M. Barbano${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, R. Barbera${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, F. Barile${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, L. Barioglio${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, G.G. Barnaföldi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, L.S. Barnby${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 104}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, V. Barret${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 72}}$, P. Bartalini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, K. Barth${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, J. Bartke${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 120}}$\Aref0, E. Bartsch${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, M. Basile${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26}}$, N. Bastid${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 72}}$, S. Basu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137}}$, B. Bathen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 61}}$, G. Batigne${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, A. Batista Camejo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 72}}$, B. Batyunya${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, P.C. Batzing${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20}}$, I.G. Bearden${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$, H. Beck${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, C. Bedda${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 30}}$, N.K. Behera${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 50}}$, I. Belikov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 65}}$, F. Bellini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26}}$, H. Bello Martinez${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, R. Bellwied${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126}}$, L.G.E. Beltran${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, V. Belyaev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$, G. Bencedi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, S. Beole${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, A. Bercuci${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, Y. Berdnikov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 89}}$, D. Berenyi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, R.A. Bertens${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, D. Berzano${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, L. Betev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, A. Bhasin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, I.R. Bhat${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, A.K. Bhati${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, B. Bhattacharjee${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 43}}$, J. Bhom${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 120}}$, L. Bianchi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126}}$, N. Bianchi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 74}}$, C. Bianchin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, J. Bielčík${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 38}}$, J. Bielčíková${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, A. Bilandzic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 97}}$, G. Biro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, R. Biswas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 4}}$, S. Biswas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 4}}$, J.T. Blair${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 121}}$, D. Blau${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, C. Blume${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, F. Bock${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 76}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, A. Bogdanov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$, L. Boldizsár${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, M. Bombara${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 39}}$, M. Bonora${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, J. Book${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, H. Borel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 66}}$, A. Borissov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 99}}$, M. Borri${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 128}}$, E. Botta${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, C. Bourjau${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$, P. Braun-Munzinger${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, M. Bregant${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123}}$, T.A. Broker${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, T.A. Browning${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 98}}$, M. Broz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 38}}$, E.J. Brucken${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, E. Bruna${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, G.E. Bruno${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, D. Budnikov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, H. Buesching${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, S. Bufalino${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 30}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, P. Buhler${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 115}}$, S.A.I. Buitron${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 62}}$, P. Buncic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, O. Busch${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 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E. Nappi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 106}}$, M.U. Naru${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 15}}$, H. Natal da Luz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123}}$, C. Nattrass${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, S.R. Navarro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, K. Nayak${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 82}}$, R. Nayak${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 47}}$, T.K. Nayak${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137}}$, S. Nazarenko${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, A. Nedosekin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 54}}$, R.A. Negrao De Oliveira${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, L. Nellen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 62}}$, S.V. Nesbo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36}}$, F. Ng${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126}}$, M. Nicassio${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, M. Niculescu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 58}}$, J. Niedziela${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, B.S. Nielsen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$, S. Nikolaev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, S. Nikulin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, V. Nikulin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 89}}$, F. Noferini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 107}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 12}}$, 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M. Ozdemir${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, Y. Pachmayer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, V. Pacik${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$, D. Pagano${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 135}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, P. Pagano${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 29}}$, G. Paić${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 62}}$, S.K. Pal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137}}$, P. Palni${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, J. Pan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, A.K. Pandey${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 47}}$, S. Panebianco${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 66}}$, V. Papikyan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 1}}$, G.S. Pappalardo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, P. Pareek${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 48}}$, J. Park${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 50}}$, W.J. Park${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, S. Parmar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, A. Passfeld${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 61}}$, V. Paticchio${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 106}}$, R.N. Patra${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137}}$, B. Paul${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, H. Pei${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, T. Peitzmann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, X. Peng${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, L.G. Pereira${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 63}}$, H. Pereira Da Costa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 66}}$, D. Peresunko${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$, E. Perez Lezama${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, V. Peskov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, Y. Pestov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 5}}$, V. Petráček${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 38}}$, V. Petrov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 114}}$, M. Petrovici${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, C. Petta${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, R.P. Pezzi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 63}}$, S. Piano${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 112}}$, M. Pikna${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 37}}$, P. Pillot${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, L.O.D.L. Pimentel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$, O. Pinazza${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 107}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, L. Pinsky${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126}}$, D.B. Piyarathna${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126}}$, M. Płoskoń${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 76}}$, M. Planinic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, J. Pluta${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, S. Pochybova${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, P.L.M. Podesta-Lerma${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, M.G. Poghosyan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, B. Polichtchouk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 114}}$, N. Poljak${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, W. Poonsawat${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 117}}$, A. Pop${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, H. Poppenborg${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 61}}$, S. Porteboeuf-Houssais${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 72}}$, J. Porter${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 76}}$, J. Pospisil${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, V. Pozdniakov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, S.K. Prasad${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 4}}$, R. Preghenella${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 107}}$, F. Prino${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, C.A. Pruneau${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, I. Pshenichnov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, M. Puccio${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, G. Puddu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, P. Pujahari${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, V. Punin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, J. Putschke${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, H. Qvigstad${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20}}$, A. Rachevski${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 112}}$, S. Raha${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 4}}$, S. Rajput${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, J. Rak${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 127}}$, A. Rakotozafindrabe${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 66}}$, L. Ramello${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 31}}$, F. Rami${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 65}}$, D.B. Rana${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126}}$, R. Raniwala${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 94}}$, S. Raniwala${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 94}}$, S.S. Räsänen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, B.T. Rascanu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, D. Rathee${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, V. Ratza${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 44}}$, I. Ravasenga${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 30}}$, K.F. Read${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, K. Redlich${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 80}}$, A. Rehman${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$, P. Reichelt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, F. Reidt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, X. Ren${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, R. Renfordt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, A.R. Reolon${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 74}}$, A. Reshetin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, K. Reygers${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, V. Riabov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 89}}$, R.A. Ricci${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 75}}$, T. Richert${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, M. Richter${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20}}$, P. Riedler${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, W. Riegler${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, F. Riggi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, C. Ristea${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 58}}$, M. Rodríguez Cahuantzi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, K. Røed${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20}}$, E. Rogochaya${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, D. Rohr${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 41}}$, D. Röhrich${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$, F. Ronchetti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 74}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, L. Ronflette${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, P. Rosnet${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 72}}$, A. Rossi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28}}$, F. Roukoutakis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 79}}$, A. Roy${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 48}}$, C. Roy${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 65}}$, P. Roy${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, A.J. Rubio Montero${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 10}}$, R. Rui${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 24}}$, R. Russo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, E. Ryabinkin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, Y. Ryabov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 89}}$, A. Rybicki${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 120}}$, S. Saarinen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, S. Sadhu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137}}$, S. Sadovsky${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 114}}$, K. Šafařík${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, B. Sahlmuller${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, B. Sahoo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 47}}$, P. Sahoo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 48}}$, R. Sahoo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 48}}$, S. Sahoo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, P.K. Sahu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, J. Saini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137}}$, S. Sakai${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 74}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$, M.A. Saleh${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, J. Salzwedel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 18}}$, S. Sambyal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, V. Samsonov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 89}}$, A. Sandoval${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 64}}$, D. Sarkar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137}}$, N. Sarkar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137}}$, P. Sarma${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 43}}$, M.H.P. Sas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, E. Scapparone${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 107}}$, F. Scarlassara${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28}}$, R.P. Scharenberg${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 98}}$, C. Schiaua${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, R. Schicker${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, C. Schmidt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, H.R. Schmidt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 95}}$, M.O. Schmidt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, M. Schmidt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 95}}$, J. Schukraft${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, Y. Schutz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 65}}$, K. Schwarz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, K. Schweda${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, G. Scioli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26}}$, E. Scomparin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, R. Scott${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, M. Šefčík${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 39}}$, J.E. Seger${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 90}}$, Y. Sekiguchi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 131}}$, D. Sekihata${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 46}}$, I. Selyuzhenkov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, K. Senosi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 67}}$, S. Senyukov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 3}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 65}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, E. Serradilla${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 64}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 10}}$, P. Sett${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 47}}$, A. Sevcenco${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 58}}$, A. Shabanov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, A. Shabetai${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, O. Shadura${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 3}}$, R. Shahoyan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, A. Shangaraev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 114}}$, A. Sharma${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, A. Sharma${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, M. Sharma${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, M. Sharma${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, N. Sharma${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, A.I. Sheikh${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137}}$, K. Shigaki${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 46}}$, Q. Shou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, K. Shtejer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 9}}$, Y. Sibiriak${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, S. Siddhanta${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 108}}$, K.M. Sielewicz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, T. Siemiarczuk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 80}}$, D. Silvermyr${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, C. Silvestre${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 73}}$, G. Simatovic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, G. Simonetti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, R. Singaraju${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137}}$, R. Singh${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 82}}$, V. Singhal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137}}$, T. Sinha${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, B. Sitar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 37}}$, M. Sitta${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 31}}$, T.B. Skaali${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20}}$, M. Slupecki${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 127}}$, N. Smirnov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, R.J.M. Snellings${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, T.W. Snellman${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 127}}$, J. Song${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 99}}$, M. Song${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 142}}$, F. Soramel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28}}$, S. Sorensen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, F. Sozzi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, E. Spiriti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 74}}$, I. Sputowska${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 120}}$, B.K. Srivastava${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 98}}$, J. Stachel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, I. Stan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 58}}$, P. Stankus${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, E. Stenlund${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, J.H. Stiller${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, D. Stocco${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, P. Strmen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 37}}$, A.A.P. Suaide${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123}}$, T. Sugitate${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 46}}$, C. Suire${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, M. Suleymanov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 15}}$, M. Suljic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 24}}$, R. Sultanov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 54}}$, M. Šumbera${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, S. Sumowidagdo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 49}}$, K. Suzuki${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 115}}$, S. Swain${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, A. Szabo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 37}}$, I. Szarka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 37}}$, A. Szczepankiewicz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, M. Szymanski${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, U. Tabassam${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 15}}$, J. Takahashi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 124}}$, G.J. Tambave${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$, N. Tanaka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$, M. Tarhini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, M. Tariq${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 17}}$, M.G. Tarzila${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, A. Tauro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, G. Tejeda Muñoz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, A. Telesca${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, K. Terasaki${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 131}}$, C. Terrevoli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28}}$, B. Teyssier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134}}$, D. Thakur${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 48}}$, D. Thomas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 121}}$, R. Tieulent${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134}}$, A. Tikhonov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, A.R. Timmins${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126}}$, A. Toia${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, S. Tripathy${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 48}}$, S. Trogolo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, G. Trombetta${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, V. Trubnikov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 3}}$, W.H. Trzaska${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 127}}$, B.A. Trzeciak${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, T. Tsuji${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 131}}$, A. Tumkin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, R. Turrisi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 110}}$, T.S. Tveter${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20}}$, K. Ullaland${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$, E.N. Umaka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126}}$, A. Uras${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134}}$, G.L. Usai${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, A. Utrobicic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, M. Vala${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 118}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 55}}$, J. Van Der Maarel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, J.W. Van Hoorne${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, M. van Leeuwen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, T. Vanat${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, P. Vande Vyvre${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, D. Varga${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, A. Vargas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, M. Vargyas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 127}}$, R. Varma${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 47}}$, M. Vasileiou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 79}}$, A. Vasiliev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, A. Vauthier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 73}}$, O. Vázquez Doce${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 97}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35}}$, V. Vechernin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 136}}$, A.M. Veen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, A. Velure${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$, E. Vercellin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, S. Vergara Limón${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, R. Vernet${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 8}}$, R. Vértesi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, L. Vickovic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, S. Vigolo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, J. Viinikainen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 127}}$, Z. Vilakazi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 130}}$, O. Villalobos Baillie${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 104}}$, A. Villatoro Tello${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, A. Vinogradov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, L. Vinogradov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 136}}$, T. Virgili${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 29}}$, V. Vislavicius${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, A. Vodopyanov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, M.A. Völkl${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, K. Voloshin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 54}}$, S.A. Voloshin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, G. Volpe${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, B. von Haller${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, I. Vorobyev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 97}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35}}$, D. Voscek${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 118}}$, D. Vranic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, J. Vrláková${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 39}}$, B. Wagner${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$, J. Wagner${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, H. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, M. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, D. Watanabe${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$, Y. Watanabe${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 131}}$, M. Weber${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 115}}$, S.G. Weber${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, D.F. Weiser${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, J.P. Wessels${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 61}}$, U. Westerhoff${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 61}}$, A.M. Whitehead${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 92}}$, J. Wiechula${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, J. Wikne${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20}}$, G. Wilk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 80}}$, J. Wilkinson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, G.A. Willems${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 61}}$, M.C.S. Williams${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 107}}$, B. Windelband${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, W.E. Witt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, S. Yalcin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 71}}$, P. Yang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, S. Yano${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 46}}$, Z. Yin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, H. Yokoyama${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 73}}$, I.-K. Yoo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 99}}$, J.H. Yoon${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 50}}$, V. Yurchenko${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 3}}$, V. Zaccolo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, A. Zaman${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 15}}$, C. Zampolli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, H.J.C. Zanoli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123}}$, S. Zaporozhets${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, N. Zardoshti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 104}}$, A. Zarochentsev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 136}}$, P. Závada${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 56}}$, N. Zaviyalov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, H. Zbroszczyk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, M. Zhalov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 89}}$, H. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$, X. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 76}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, Y. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, C. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, Z. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, C. Zhao${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20}}$, N. Zhigareva${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 54}}$, D. Zhou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, Y. Zhou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$, Z. Zhou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$, H. Zhu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, J. Zhu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, X. Zhu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, A. Zichichi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 12}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26}}$, A. Zimmermann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, M.B. Zimmermann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 61}}$, S. Zimmermann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 115}}$, G. Zinovjev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 3}}$, J. Zmeskal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 115}}$

Affiliation notes

{Authlist}

\Adef

0Deceased

\Adef

idp1753616Also at: Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States

\Adef

idp3184896Also at: Also at Department of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

\Adef

idp3956384Also at: M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear, Physics, Moscow, Russia

Collaboration Institutes

1A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia

2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico

3Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine

4Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India

5Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia

6California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States

7Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China

8Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France

9Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba

10Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain

11Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico

12Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi’, Rome, Italy

13Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois, United States

14China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China

15COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan

16Departamento de Física de Partículas and IGFAE, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

17Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

18Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States

19Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea

20Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

21Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

22Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università ’La Sapienza’ and Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy

23Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy

24Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy

25Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy

26Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy

27Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy

28Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy

29Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy

30Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy

31Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica dell’Università del Piemonte Orientale and INFN Sezione di Torino, Alessandria, Italy

32Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy

33Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden

34European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland

35Excellence Cluster Universe, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

36Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway

37Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia

38Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

39Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia

40Faculty of Technology, Buskerud and Vestfold University College, Tonsberg, Norway

41Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

42Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea

43Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, India

44Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany

45Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland

46Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

47Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India

48Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India

49Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia

50Inha University, Incheon, South Korea

51Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France

52Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

53Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

54Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia

55Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia

56Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

57Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India

58Institute of Space Science (ISS), Bucharest, Romania

59Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

60Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

61Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany

62Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

63Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil

64Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

65Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-IN2P3, Strasbourg, France

66IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Saclay, France

67iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa

68Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia

69Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea

70Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, South Korea

71KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey

72Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS–IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France

73Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France

74Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy

75Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN, Legnaro, Italy

76Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States

77Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia

78Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan

79National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Physics Department, Athens, Greece, Athens, Greece

80National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland

81National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania

82National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India

83National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia

84Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

85Nikhef, Nationaal instituut voor subatomaire fysica, Amsterdam, Netherlands

86Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United Kingdom

87Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic

88Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States

89Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia

90Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States

91Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

92Physics Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

93Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India

94Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India

95Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

96Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

97Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

98Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States

99Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea

100Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany

101Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia

102Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia

103Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India

104School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

105Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru

106Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy

107Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy

108Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy

109Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy

110Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy

111Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy

112Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy

113Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy

114SSC IHEP of NRC Kurchatov institute, Protvino, Russia

115Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI), Vienna, Austria

116SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France

117Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

118Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovakia

119Technical University of Split FESB, Split, Croatia

120The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland

121The University of Texas at Austin, Physics Department, Austin, Texas, United States

122Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico

123Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil

124Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

125Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil

126University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States

127University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

128University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

129University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States

130University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

131University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

132University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

133University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

134Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France

135Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy

136V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

137Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India

138Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

139Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States

140Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

141Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States

142Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea

143Zentrum für Technologietransfer und Telekommunikation (ZTT), Fachhochschule Worms, Worms, Germany