# A continuum approach to combined $\gamma/\gamma'$ evolution and dislocation plasticity in Nickel-based superalloys

## TL;DR

This paper presents a coupled phase-field and dislocation dynamics model to simulate microstructure evolution and creep behavior in Nickel-based superalloys, aligning well with experimental data and revealing mechanisms of rafting and microstructure control.

## Contribution

The study introduces a multiphysics framework combining phase-field and continuum dislocation dynamics to model microstructure evolution and creep in superalloys, capturing complex interactions without extra parameter fitting.

## Key findings

- Simulated microstructures agree with experimental observations.
- Creep curves are derived directly from microstructure evolution.
- Dislocation microstructure influences rafting kinetics and creep properties.

## Abstract

Creep in single crystal Nickel-based superalloys has been a topic of interest since decades, and nowadays simulations are more and more able to complement experiments. In these alloys, the $\gamma/\gamma'$ phase microstructure co-evolves with the system of dislocations under load, and understanding the mutual interactions is essential for understanding the resulting creep properties. Predictive modeling thus requires multiphysics frameworks capable of modeling and simulating both the phase and defect microstructures. To do so, we formulate a coupled model of phase-field evolution and continuum dislocation dynamics which adequately accounts for both statistically stored and geometrically necessary dislocations. The simulated $\gamma/\gamma'$ phase microstructure with four $\gamma'$ variants and co-evolving dislocation microstructure is found to be in good agreement with experimental observations. The creep strain curve is obtained as a natural by-product of the microstructure evolution equations without the need for additional parameter fitting. We perform simulations of $\gamma/\gamma'$ evolution for different dislocation densities and establish the driving forces for microstructure evolution by analyzing in detail the changes in different contributions to the elastic and chemical energy density. Together with comparisons between simulated and experimental creep curves this investigation reveals the mechanisms controlling the process of directional coarsening (rafting) and demonstrates that the kinetics of rafting significantly depends on characteristics of the dislocation microstructure. In addition to rafting under constant load, we investigate the effect of changes in loading conditions and explore the possibility of improving creep properties by pre-rafting along a different loading path.