# Localized Stress Fluctuations Drive Shear Thickening in Dense Suspensions

## TL;DR

This study reveals that shear thickening in dense suspensions is driven by localized regions of high viscosity that dynamically form and dissolve, linking microscopic particle interactions to macroscopic flow behavior.

## Contribution

It uncovers the physical mechanism of shear thickening as dynamic localized viscosity regions, connecting microscopic heterogeneities to bulk rheology.

## Key findings

- Localized high-viscosity regions increase with shear stress.
- Spatial extent of heterogeneities depends on gap between surfaces.
- Shear thickening results from transitions between low and high viscosity phases.

## Abstract

The mechanical response of solid particles dispersed in a Newtonian fluid exhibits a wide range of nonlinear phenomena including a dramatic increase in the viscosity \cite{1-3} with increasing stress. If the volume fraction of the solid phase is moderately high, the suspension will undergo continuous shear thickening (CST), where the suspension viscosity increases smoothly with applied shear stress; at still higher volume fractions the suspension can display discontinuous shear thickening (DST), where the viscosity changes abruptly over several orders of magnitude upon increasing applied stress. Proposed models to explain this phenomenon are based in two distinct types of particle interactions, hydrodynamic\cite{2,4,5} and frictional\cite{6-10}. In both cases, the increase in the bulk viscosity is attributed to some form of localized clustering\cite{11,12}. However, the physical properties and dynamical behavior of these heterogeneities remains unclear. Here we show that continuous shear thickening originates from dynamic localized well defined regions of particles with a high viscosity that increases rapidly with concentration. Furthermore, we find that the spatial extent of these regions is largely determined by the distance between the shearing surfaces. Our results demonstrate that continuous shear thickening arises from increasingly frequent localized discontinuous transitions between coexisting low and high viscosity Newtonian fluid phases. Our results provide a critical physical link between the microscopic dynamical processes that determine particle interactions and bulk rheological response of shear thickened fluids.