# On a biased edge isoperimetric inequality for the discrete cube

## TL;DR

This paper establishes sharp stability results for biased edge isoperimetric inequalities on the discrete cube, characterizing near-optimal sets as close to subcubes, and introduces a biased-measure analogue of the full inequality.

## Contribution

It proves a sharp stability version of the biased edge isoperimetric inequality and introduces a biased-measure analogue of the full inequality for monotone sets.

## Key findings

- Sharp stability version of the biased edge isoperimetric inequality.
- Biased-measure analogue of the full edge isoperimetric inequality for monotone sets.
- Answer to Kalai's question on the validity of the inequality for arbitrary sets.

## Abstract

The `full' edge isoperimetric inequality for the discrete cube (due to Harper, Bernstein, Lindsay and Hart) specifies the minimum size of the edge boundary $\partial A$ of a set $A \subset \{0,1\}^n$, as a function of $|A|$. A weaker (but more widely-used) lower bound is $|\partial A| \geq |A| \log_2(2^n/|A|)$, where equality holds iff $A$ is a subcube. In 2011, the first author obtained a sharp `stability' version of the latter result, proving that if $|\partial A| \leq |A| (\log(2^n/|A|)+\epsilon)$, then there exists a subcube $C$ such that $|A \Delta C|/|A| = O(\epsilon /\log(1/\epsilon))$. The `weak' version of the edge isoperimetric inequality has the following well-known generalization for the `$p$-biased' measure $\mu_p$ on the discrete cube: if $p \leq 1/2$, or if $0 < p < 1$ and $A$ is monotone increasing, then $p\mu_p(\partial A) \geq \mu_p(A) \log_p(\mu_p(A))$. In this paper, we prove a sharp stability version of the latter result, which generalizes the aforementioned result of the first author. Namely, we prove that if $p\mu_p(\partial A) \leq \mu_p(A) (\log_p(\mu_p(A))+\epsilon)$, then there exists a subcube $C$ such that $\mu_p(A \Delta C)/\mu_p(A) = O(\epsilon' /\log(1/\epsilon'))$, where $\epsilon' =\epsilon \ln (1/p)$. This result is a central component in recent work of the authors proving sharp stability versions of a number of Erd\H{o}s-Ko-Rado type theorems in extremal combinatorics, including the seminal `complete intersection theorem' of Ahlswede and Khachatrian. In addition, we prove a biased-measure analogue of the `full' edge isoperimetric inequality, for monotone increasing sets, and we observe that such an analogue does not hold for arbitrary sets, hence answering a question of Kalai. We use this result to give a new proof of the `full' edge isoperimetric inequality, one relying on the Kruskal-Katona theorem.