Evidence for light-by-light scattering in heavy-ion collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

TL;DR

This paper reports the first evidence of light-by-light scattering in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC, confirming a quantum electrodynamics process predicted by the Standard Model.

Contribution

It provides experimental evidence for light-by-light scattering in ultra-peripheral heavy-ion collisions, a process previously unobserved directly.

Findings

Observed 13 candidate events with low background.

Measured cross section consistent with Standard Model.

Supports quantum electrodynamics predictions in high-energy nuclear collisions.

Abstract

Light-by-light scattering ($\gamma\gamma\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$) is a quantum-mechanical process that is forbidden in the classical theory of electrodynamics. This reaction is accessible at the Large Hadron Collider thanks to the large electromagnetic field strengths generated by ultra-relativistic colliding lead (Pb) ions. Using 480 $\mu$b$^{-1}$ of Pb+Pb collision data recorded at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5.02 TeV by the ATLAS detector, the ATLAS Collaboration reports evidence for the $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ reaction. A total of 13 candidate events are observed with an expected background of 2.6$\pm$0.7 events. After background subtraction and analysis corrections, the fiducial cross section of the process $\textrm{Pb+Pb}\,(\gamma\gamma)\rightarrow \textrm{Pb}^{(\ast)}\textrm{+}\textrm{Pb}^{(\ast)}\,\gamma\gamma$, for photon transverse energy $E_{\mathrm{T}}>$3 GeV, photon absolute pseudorapidity $|\eta|<$2.4, diphoton invariant mass greater than 6 GeV, diphoton transverse momentum lower than 2 GeV and diphoton acoplanarity below 0.01, is measured to be 70 $\pm$ 24 (stat.) $\pm$ 17 (syst.) nb, which is in agreement with Standard Model predictions.

Tables

Table 1. Table 1: The number of events accepted by the sequential selection requirements for data, compared to the number of background and signal events expected from the simulation. The signal simulation is based on calculations from Ref.  [ 28 ] . In addition, the uncertainties on the expected number of events passing all selection requirements are given.

Selection	$\gamma \gamma \to e^{+}{e}^{-}$	CEP $gg\to \gamma \gamma$	Hadronic	Other	Total	Signal	Data
			fakes	fakes	background
Preselection	$74$	4.7	$6$	$19$	$104$	9.1	$105$
$N_{\text{trk}}=0$	$4.0$	4.5	$6$	$19$	$33$	8.7	$39$
GeV	$3.5$	4.4	$3$	$1.3$	$12.2$	8.5	$21$
Aco	$1.3$	0.9	$0.3$	$0.1$	$2.6$	7.3	$13$
Uncertainty	$0.3$	0.5	$0.3$	$0.1$	$0.7$	1.5

Table 2. Table 2: Summary of systematic uncertainties. The table shows the relative systematic uncertainty on detector correction factor C 𝐶 C broken into its individual contributions. The total is obtained by adding them in quadrature.

Source of uncertainty	Relative uncertainty
Trigger	5%
Photon reco efficiency	12%
Photon PID efficiency	16%
Photon energy scale	7%
Photon energy resolution	11%
Total	24%

Equations

$${\sigma }_{\text{fid}}=\frac{N_{\text{data}}-N_{\text{bkg}}}{C\times \int L\text{d}t},$$

Full text

\AtlasTitle

Evidence for light-by-light scattering in heavy-ion collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

\PreprintIdNumberCERN-EP-2016-316 \AtlasJournalNature Physics \AtlasJournalRefNature Phys. 13 (2017) no.9, 852-858 \AtlasDOI10.1038/nphys4208 \AtlasAbstract Light-by-light scattering ($\gamma\gamma\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$) is a quantum-mechanical process that is forbidden in the classical theory of electrodynamics. This reaction is accessible at the Large Hadron Collider thanks to the large electromagnetic field strengths generated by ultra-relativistic colliding lead ions. Using 480 $\mu$b*-1* of lead–lead collision data recorded at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of $5.02$ TeV by the ATLAS detector, here we report evidence for light-by-light scattering. A total of thirteen candidate events were observed with an expected background of $2.6\pm 0.7$ events. After background subtraction and analysis corrections, the fiducial cross section of the process $\textrm{Pb+Pb}\,(\gamma\gamma)\rightarrow\textrm{Pb}^{(\ast)}\textrm{+}\textrm{Pb}^{(\ast)}\,\gamma\gamma$, for photon transverse energy $E_{\mathrm{T}}>3\leavevmode\nobreak\ \text{Ge\kern-1.00006ptV}$, photon absolute pseudorapidity $|\eta|<2.4$, diphoton invariant mass greater than $6\leavevmode\nobreak\ \text{Ge\kern-1.00006ptV}$, diphoton transverse momentum lower than 2 GeV and diphoton acoplanarity below 0.01, is measured to be $70\pm 24\leavevmode\nobreak\ \textrm{(stat.)}\pm 17\leavevmode\nobreak\ \textrm{(syst.)}$ nb, which is in agreement with the Standard Model predictions.

One of the key features of Maxwell’s equations is their linearity in both the sources and the fields, from which follows the superposition principle. This forbids effects such as light-by-light (LbyL) scattering, $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$, which is a purely quantum-mechanical process. It was realised in the early history of quantum electrodynamics (QED) that LbyL scattering is related to the polarisation of the vacuum [1]. In the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, the virtual particles that mediate the LbyL coupling are electrically charged fermions or $W^{\pm}$ bosons. In QED, the $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ reaction proceeds at lowest order in the fine structure constant ($\alpha_{\textrm{em}}$) via virtual one-loop box diagrams involving fermions (Figure 1(a)), which is an $\mathcal{O}(\alpha_{\textrm{em}}^{4}\approx 3\times 10^{-9})$ process, making it challenging to test experimentally. Indeed, the elastic LbyL scattering has remained unobserved: even the ultra-intense laser experiments are not yet powerful enough to probe this phenomenon [2].

LbyL scattering via an electron loop has been precisely, albeit indirectly, tested in measurements of the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and muon [3, 4] where it is predicted to contribute substantially, as one of the QED corrections [5]. The $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ reaction has been measured in photon scattering in the Coulomb field of a nucleus (Delbrück scattering) at fixed photon energies below 7 GeV [6, 7, 8, 9]. The analogous process, where a photon splits into two photons by interaction with external fields (photon splitting), has been observed in the energy region of 0.1–0.5 GeV [10]. A related process involving only real photons, in which several photons fuse to form an electron–positron pair ($e^{+}e^{-}$), has been measured in Ref. [11]. Similarly, the multiphoton Compton scattering in which up to four laser photons interact with an electron, has been observed [12].

An alternative way by which LbyL interactions can be studied is by using relativistic heavy-ion collisions. In ‘ultra-peripheral collision’ (UPC) events, with impact parameters larger than twice the radius of the nuclei [13, 14], the strong interaction does not play a role. The electromagnetic (EM) field strengths of relativistic ions scale with the proton number ($Z$). For example, for a lead nucleus (Pb) with $Z=82$ the field can be up to $10^{25}\,\textrm{Vm}^{-1}$ [15], much larger than the Schwinger limit [16] above which QED corrections become important. In the 1930s it was found that highly relativistic charged particles can be described by the equivalent photon approximation (EPA) [17, 18, 19], which is schematically shown in Figure 1(b).

The EM fields produced by the colliding Pb nuclei can be treated as a beam of quasi-real photons with a small virtuality of $Q^{2}<1/R^{2}$, where $R$ is the radius of the charge distribution and so $Q^{2}<10^{-3}\leavevmode\nobreak\ \text{Ge\kern-1.00006ptV}^{2}$. Then, the cross section for the reaction $\textrm{Pb+Pb}\,(\gamma\gamma)\rightarrow\textrm{Pb}\textrm{+}\textrm{Pb}\,\gamma\gamma$ can be calculated by convolving the respective photon flux with the elementary cross section for the process $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$. Since the photon flux associated with each nucleus scales as $Z^{2}$, the cross section is extremely enhanced as compared to proton–proton ($pp$) collisions.

In this article a measurement of LbyL scattering in Pb+Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is reported, following the approach recently proposed in Ref. [20]. The final-state signature of interest is the exclusive production of two photons, $\textrm{Pb+Pb}\,(\gamma\gamma)\rightarrow\textrm{Pb}^{(\ast)}\textrm{+}\textrm{Pb}^{(\ast)}\,\gamma\gamma$, where a possible EM excitation of the outgoing ions [21] is denoted by $(^{\ast})$. Hence, the expected signature is two photons and no further activity in the central detector, since the $\textrm{Pb}^{(\ast)}$ ions escape into the LHC beam pipe. Moreover, it is predicted that the background is relatively low in heavy-ion collisions and is dominated by exclusive dielectron ($\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$) production [20, 22]. The misidentification of electrons as photons can occur when the electron track is not reconstructed or the electron emits a hard bremsstrahlung photon. The fiducial cross section of the process $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ in Pb+Pb collisions is measured, using a data set recorded at a nucleon–nucleon centre-of-mass energy ($\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$) of $5.02$ TeV. This data set was recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2015 and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 480\pm 30\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mbox{\mu$b${}^{-1}}. In addition to the measured fiducial cross section, the significance of the observed number of signal candidate events is given, assuming the background-only hypothesis.

Experimental setup

ATLAS is a cylindrical particle detector composed of several sub-detectors [23]. ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point (IP) in the centre of the detector and the $z$-axis along the beam pipe. The $x$-axis points from the IP to the centre of the LHC ring, and the $y$-axis points upwards. Cylindrical coordinates $(r,\phi)$ are used in the transverse plane, $\phi$ being the azimuthal angle around the $z$-axis. The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of the polar angle $\theta$ as $\eta=-\ln\tan(\theta/2)$. Angular distance is measured in units of $\Delta R\equiv\sqrt{(\Delta\eta)^{2}+(\Delta\phi)^{2}}$. The photon or electron transverse energy is $E_{\text{T}}=E\sin(\theta)$, where $E$ is its energy. The inner tracking detector (ID) consists of a silicon pixel system, a silicon microstrip detector and a straw-tube tracker immersed in a 2 T magnetic field provided by a superconducting solenoid. The ID track reconstruction efficiency is estimated in Ref. [24] for minimum-bias $pp$ events that, like UPC Pb+Pb events, have a low average track multiplicity. For charged hadrons in the transverse momentum range $100<p_{\text{T}}<200$ MeV the efficiency is about 50% and grows to 80% for $p_{\text{T}}>200$ MeV. Around the tracker there is a system of EM and hadronic calorimeters, which use liquid argon and lead, copper, or tungsten absorbers for the EM and forward ($|\eta|>1.7$) hadronic components of the detector, and scintillator-tile active material and steel absorbers for the central ($|\eta|<1.7$) hadronic component. The muon spectrometer (MS) consists of separate trigger and high-precision tracking chambers measuring the trajectory of muons in a magnetic field generated by superconducting air-core toroids. The ATLAS minimum-bias trigger scintillators (MBTS) consist of scintillator slabs positioned between the ID and the endcap calorimeters with each side having an outer ring of four slabs segmented in azimuthal angle, covering $2.07<|\eta|<2.76$ and an inner ring of eight slabs, covering $2.76<|\eta|<3.86$. The ATLAS zero-degree calorimeters (ZDC), located along the beam axis at 140 m from the IP on both sides, detect neutral particles (including neutrons emitted from the nucleus). The ATLAS trigger system [25] consists of a Level-1 trigger implemented using a combination of dedicated electronics and programmable logic, and a software-based high-level trigger (HLT).

Monte Carlo simulation and theoretical predictions

Several Monte Carlo (MC) samples are produced to estimate background contributions and corrections to the fiducial measurement. The detector response is modelled using a simulation based on GEANT4 [26, 27]. The data and MC simulated events are passed through the same reconstruction and analysis procedures.

Light-by-light signal events are generated taking into account box diagrams with charged leptons and quarks in the loops, as detailed in Ref. [28]. The contributions from $W\textrm{-boson}$ loops are omitted in the calculations since they are mostly important for diphoton masses $m_{\gamma\gamma}>2m_{W}$ [29]. The calculations are then convolved with the Pb+Pb EPA spectrum from the Starlight 1.1 MC generator [30]. Next, various diphoton kinematic distributions are cross-checked with predictions from Ref. [20] and good agreement is found. The theoretical uncertainty on the cross section is mainly due to limited knowledge of the nuclear electromagnetic form-factors and the related initial photon fluxes. This is studied in Ref. [20] and the relevant uncertainty is conservatively estimated to be $20\%$. Higher-order corrections (not included in the calculations) are also part of the theoretical uncertainty and are of the order of a few percent for diphoton invariant masses below 100 GeV [31, 32].

The sources of background considered in this analysis are: $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$, central exclusive production (CEP) of photon pairs, exclusive production of quark–antiquark pairs ($\gamma\gamma\rightarrow q\bar{q}$) and other backgrounds that could mimic the diphoton event signatures. The $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$ background is modelled with Starlight 1.1 [30], in which the cross section is computed by combining the Pb+Pb EPA with the leading-order formula for $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$. This process has been recently measured by the ALICE Collaboration, and a good agreement with Starlight is found [33]. The exclusive diphoton final state can be also produced via the strong interaction through a quark loop in the exchange of two gluons in a colour-singlet state. This CEP process, $gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$, is modelled using SuperChic 2.03 [34], in which the $pp$ cross section has been scaled by $A^{2}R_{g}^{4}$ as suggested in Ref. [20], where $A=208$ and $R_{g}\approx 0.7$ is a gluon shadowing correction [35]. This process has a large theoretical uncertainty, of $\mathcal{O}(100\%)$, mostly related to incomplete knowledge of gluon densities [36]. The $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow q\bar{q}$ contribution is estimated using Herwig++ 2.7.1 [37] where the EPA formalism in $pp$ collisions is implemented. The $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow q\bar{q}$ sample is then normalised to the corresponding cross section in Pb+Pb collisions [30].

Event selection

Candidate diphoton events were recorded in the Pb+Pb run in 2015 using a dedicated trigger for events with moderate activity in the calorimeter but little additional activity in the entire detector. At Level-1 the total $E_{\text{T}}$ registered in the calorimeter after noise suppression was required to be between $5$ and $200\leavevmode\nobreak\ \text{Ge\kern-1.00006ptV}$. Then at the HLT, events were rejected if more than one hit was found in the inner ring of the MBTS (MBTS veto) or if more than ten hits were found in the pixel detector.

The efficiency of the Level-1 trigger is estimated with $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$ events passing an independent supporting trigger. This trigger is designed to select events with mutual dissociation of Pb nuclei and small activity in the ID. It is based on a coincidence of signals in both ZDC sides and a requirement on the total $E_{\text{T}}$ in the calorimeter below 50 GeV. Event candidates are required to have only two reconstructed tracks and two EM energy clusters. Furthermore, to reduce possible backgrounds, each pair of clusters (cl1, cl2) is required to have a small acoplanarity ($1-\Delta\phi_{\textrm{cl1,\leavevmode\nobreak\ cl2}}/\pi<0.2$). The extracted Level-1 trigger efficiency is provided as a function of the sum of cluster transverse energies ($E_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{cl1}}$ +$E_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{cl2}}$). The efficiency grows from about $70\%$ at (\mbox{E_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{cl1}}}+\mbox{E_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{cl2}}})=6\leavevmode\nobreak\ \text{Ge\kern-1.00006ptV} to $100\%$ at (\mbox{E_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{cl1}}}+\mbox{E_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{cl2}}})>9\leavevmode\nobreak\ \text{Ge\kern-1.00006ptV}. The efficiency is parameterised using an error function fit which is then used to reweight the simulation. Due to the extremely low noise, very high hit reconstruction efficiency and low conversion probability of signal photons in the pixel detector (around 10%), the uncertainty due to the requirement for minimal activity in the ID is negligible. The MBTS veto efficiency was studied using $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow\ell^{+}\ell^{-}$ events ($\ell=e,\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mu$) passing a supporting trigger and it is estimated to be $(98\pm 2)\%$.

Photons are reconstructed from EM clusters in the calorimeter and tracking information provided by the ID, which allows the identification of photon conversions. Selection requirements are applied to remove EM clusters with a large amount of energy from poorly functioning calorimeter cells, and a timing requirement is made to reject out-of-time candidates. An energy calibration specifically optimised for photons [38] is applied to the candidates to account for upstream energy loss and both lateral and longitudinal shower leakage. A dedicated correction [39] is applied for photons in MC samples to correct for potential mismodelling of quantities which describe the properties (“shapes”) of the associated EM showers.

The photon particle-identification (PID) in this analysis is based on three shower-shape variables: the lateral width of the shower in the middle layer of the EM calorimeter, the ratio of the energy difference associated with the largest and second largest energy deposits to the sum of these energies in the first layer, and the fraction of energy reconstructed in the first layer relative to the total energy of the cluster. Only photons with $E_{\text{T}}>3\leavevmode\nobreak\ \text{Ge\kern-1.00006ptV}$ and $|\eta|<2.37$, excluding the calorimeter transition region $1.37<|\eta|<1.52$, are considered. The pseudorapidity requirement ensures that the photon candidates pass through regions of the EM calorimeter where the first layer is segmented into narrow strips, allowing for good separation between genuine prompt photons and photons coming from the decay of neutral hadrons. A constant photon PID efficiency of 95% as a function of $\eta$ with respect to reconstructed photon candidates is maintained. This is optimised using multivariate analysis techniques [40], such that EM energy clusters induced by cosmic-ray muons are rejected with 95% efficiency.

Preselected events are required to have exactly two photons satisfying the above selection criteria, with a diphoton invariant mass greater than 6 GeV. In order to reduce the dielectron background, a veto on the presence of any charged-particle tracks (with $p_{\text{T}}>100$ MeV, $|\eta|<2.5$ and at least one hit in the pixel detector) is imposed. This requirement further reduces the fake-photon background from the dielectron final state by a factor of 25, according to simulation. It has almost no impact on $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ signal events, since the probability of photon conversion in the pixel detector is relatively small and converted photons are suppressed at low $E_{\text{T}}$ (3–6 GeV) by the photon selection requirements. According to MC studies, the photon selection requirements remove about 10% of low-$E_{\text{T}}$ photons. To reduce other fake-photon backgrounds (for example, cosmic-ray muons), the transverse momentum of the diphoton system ($p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma\gamma}$) is required to be below 2 GeV. To reduce background from CEP $gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ reactions, an additional requirement on diphoton acoplanarity, $\textrm{Aco}=1-\Delta\phi_{\gamma\gamma}/\pi<0.01$, is imposed. This requirement is optimised to retain a high signal efficiency and reduce the CEP background significantly, since the transverse momentum transferred by the photon exchange is usually much smaller than that due to the colour-singlet-state gluons [41].

Performance and validation of photon reconstruction

Since the analysis requires the presence of low-energy photons, which are not typically used in ATLAS analyses, detailed studies of photon reconstruction and calibration are performed.

High-$p_{\text{T}}$ $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow\ell^{+}\ell^{-}$ production with a final-state radiation (FSR) photon is used for the measurement of the photon PID efficiency. Events with a photon and two tracks corresponding to oppositely charged particles with $p_{\text{T}}>1\leavevmode\nobreak\ \text{Ge\kern-1.00006ptV}$ are required to pass the same trigger as in the diphoton selection or the supporting trigger. The $\Delta R$ between a photon candidate and a track is required to be greater than 0.2 in order to avoid leakage of the electron clusters from the $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$ process to the photon cluster. The FSR event candidates are identified using a \mbox{p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{tt}\gamma}}<1\leavevmode\nobreak\ \text{Ge\kern-1.00006ptV} requirement, where $p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{tt}\gamma}$ is the transverse momentum of the three-body system consisting of two charged-particle tracks and a photon. The FSR photons are then used to extract the photon PID efficiency, which is defined as the probability for a reconstructed photon to satisfy the identification criteria. Figure 2(a) shows the photon PID efficiencies in data and simulation as a function of reconstructed photon $E_{\text{T}}$. Within their statistical precision the two results agree.

The photon reconstruction efficiency is extracted from data using $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$ events where one of the electrons emits a hard-bremsstrahlung photon due to interaction with the material of the detector. Events with exactly one identified electron, two reconstructed charged-particle tracks and exactly one photon are studied. The electron $E_{\text{T}}$ is required to be above 5 GeV and the $p_{\text{T}}$ of the track that is unmatched with the electron (trk2) is required to be below $2$ GeV. The additional hard-bremsstrahlung photon is expected to have $E_{\text{T}}^{\gamma}\approx(E_{\text{T}}^{e}-p_{\text{T}}^{\textrm{trk2}})$. The $p_{\text{T}}^{\textrm{trk2}}<2$ GeV requirement ensures a sufficient $\Delta R$ separation between the expected photon and the second electron, extrapolated to the first layer of the EM calorimeter. The data sample contains 247 $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$ events that are used to extract the photon reconstruction efficiency, which is presented in Figure 2(b). Good agreement between data and $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$ MC simulation is observed and the photon reconstruction efficiency is measured with a 5–10% relative uncertainty at low $E_{\text{T}}$ (3–6 GeV).

In addition, a cross-check is performed on $Z\rightarrow\mu^{+}\mu^{-}\gamma$ events identified in $pp$ collision data from 2015 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $1.6\,\text{fb}^{-1}$. The results support (in a similar way to Ref. [42]) the choice to use the three shower-shape variables in this photon PID selection in an independent sample of low-$E_{\text{T}}$ photons.

The photon cluster energy resolution is extracted from data using $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$ events. The electrons from the $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$ reaction are well balanced in their transverse momenta, with very small standard deviation, $\sigma_{p_{\text{T}}^{e+}-p_{\text{T}}^{e-}}<30$ MeV, much smaller than the expected EM calorimeter energy resolution. Therefore, by measuring (\mbox{E_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{cl1}}}-\mbox{E_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{cl2}}}) distributions in $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$ events, one can extract the cluster energy resolution, $\sigma_{E_{\text{T}}^{\textrm{cl}}}$. For electrons with $E_{\text{T}}<10$ GeV the $\sigma_{E_{\text{T}}^{\textrm{cl}}}/E_{\text{T}}^{\textrm{cl}}$ is observed to be approximately $8\%$ both in data and simulation. An uncertainty of $\delta\sigma_{E_{\text{T}}^{\gamma}}/\sigma_{E_{\text{T}}^{\gamma}}=15\%$ is assigned to the simulated photon energy resolution and takes into account differences between $\sigma_{E_{\text{T}}^{\textrm{cl}}}$ in data and $\sigma_{E_{\text{T}}^{\gamma}}$ in simulation.

Similarly, the EM cluster energy scale can be studied using the (\mbox{E_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{cl1}}}+\mbox{E_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{cl2}}}) distribution. It is observed that the simulation provides a good description of this distribution, within the relative uncertainty of 5% that is assigned to the EM cluster energy-scale modelling.

Background estimation

Due to its relatively high rate, the exclusive production of electron pairs ($\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$) can be a source of fake diphoton events. The contribution from the dielectron background is estimated using $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$ MC simulation (which gives 1.3 events) and is verified using the following data-driven technique. Two control regions are defined that are expected to be dominated by $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$ backgrounds. The first control region is defined by requiring events with exactly one reconstructed charged-particle track and two identified photons that satisfy the same preselection criteria as for the signal definition. The second control region is defined similarly to the first one, except exactly two tracks are required (\mbox{N_{\mathrm{trk}}}=2). Good agreement is observed between data and MC simulation in both control regions, but the precision is limited by the number of events in data. A conservative uncertainty of 25% is therefore assigned to the $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$ background estimation, which reflects the statistical uncertainty of data in the \mbox{N_{\mathrm{trk}}}=1 control region. The contribution from a related QED process, $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}\gamma\gamma$, is evaluated using the MadGraph5$\_$aMC$@$NLO MC generator [43] and is found to be negligible.

The Aco $<0.01$ requirement significantly reduces the CEP $gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ background. However, the MC prediction for this process has a large theoretical uncertainty, hence an additional data-driven normalisation is performed in the region Aco $>b$, where $b$ is a value greater than 0.01 which can be varied. Three values of $b$ (0.01, 0.02, 0.03) are used, where the central value $b=0.02$ is chosen to derive the nominal background prediction and the values $b=0.01$ and $b=0.03$ to define the systematic uncertainty. The normalisation is performed using the condition: f_{gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma}^{\textrm{norm},b}=\bigl{(}N_{\textrm{data}}(\textrm{Aco}>b)-N_{\textrm{sig}}(\textrm{Aco}>b)-N_{\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}}(\textrm{Aco}>b)\bigr{)}/N_{gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma}(\textrm{Aco}>b), for each value of $b$, where $N_{\textrm{data}}$ is the number of observed events, $N_{\textrm{sig}}$ is the expected number of signal events, $N_{\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}}$ is the expected background from $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$ events and $N_{gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma}$ is the MC estimate of the expected background from CEP $gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ events. The normalisation factor is found to be $f_{gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma}^{\textrm{norm}}=0.5\pm 0.3$ and the background due to CEP $gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ is estimated to be $f_{gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma}^{\textrm{norm}}\times N_{gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma}(\textrm{Aco}<0.01)=0.9\pm 0.5$ events. To verify the CEP $gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ background estimation method, energy deposits in the ZDC are studied for events before the Aco selection. It is expected that the outgoing ions in CEP events predominantly dissociate, which results in the emission of neutrons detectable in the ZDC [20]. Good agreement between the normalised CEP $gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ MC expectation and the observed events with a ZDC signal corresponding to at least 1 neutron is observed in the full Aco range.

Low-$p_{\text{T}}$ dijet events can produce multiple $\pi^{0}$ mesons which could potentially mimic diphoton events. The event selection requirements are efficient in rejecting such events, and based on studies performed with a supporting trigger, the background from hadronic processes is estimated to be $0.3\pm 0.3$ events. MC studies show the background from $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow q\bar{q}$ processes is negligible.

Exclusive neutral two-meson production can be a potential source of background for LbyL events, mainly due to their back-to-back topology being similar to that of the CEP $gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ process. The cross section for this process is calculated to be below 10% of the CEP $gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ cross section [44, 45] and it is therefore considered to give a negligible contribution to the signal region. The contribution from bottomonia production (for example, $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow\eta_{b}\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ or $\gamma\textrm{Pb}\rightarrow\Upsilon\rightarrow\gamma\eta_{b}\rightarrow 3\gamma$) is calculated using parameters from Refs. [46, 47] and is found to be negligible.

The contribution from other fake diphoton events (for example those induced by cosmic-ray muons) is estimated using photons that fail to satisfy the longitudinal shower-shape requirement. The total background due to other fake photons is found to be $0.1\pm 0.1$ events. As a further cross-check, additional activity in the MS is studied. It is observed that out of 18 events satisfying the inverted $p_{\text{T}}^{\gamma\gamma}$ requirement, 13 have at least one additional reconstructed muon. In the region $p_{\text{T}}^{\gamma\gamma}<2\leavevmode\nobreak\ \text{Ge\kern-1.00006ptV}$, no events with muon activity are found, which is compatible with the above-mentioned estimate of $0.1\pm 0.1$.

The contribution from UPC events where both nuclei emit a bremsstrahlung photon is estimated using calculations from Ref. [13] and is found to be negligible for photons with $|\eta|<2.4$ and $E_{\text{T}}>3\leavevmode\nobreak\ \text{Ge\kern-1.00006ptV}$.

Results

Photon kinematic distributions for events satisfying the selection criteria are shown in Figure 3. The shape of the diphoton acoplanarity distribution for $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$ events in Figure 3(a) reflects the trajectories of the electron and positron in the detector magnetic field, before they emit hard photons in their collisions with the ID material. In total, 13 events are observed in data whereas 7.3 signal events and 2.6 background events are expected. In general, good agreement between data and MC simulation is observed. The effect of sequential selection requirements on the number of events selected is shown in Table 1, for each of the data, signal and background samples.

To quantify an excess of events over the background expectation, a test statistic based on the profile likelihood ratio [48] is used. The $p$-value for the background-only hypothesis, defined as the probability for the background to fluctuate and give an excess of events as large or larger than that observed in the data, is found to be $5\times 10^{-6}$. The $p$-value can be expressed in terms of Gaussian tail probabilities, which, given in units of standard deviation ($\sigma$), corresponds to a significance of $4.4\sigma$. The expected $p$-value and significance (obtained before the fit of the signal-plus-background hypothesis to the data and using SM predictions from Ref. [28]) are $8\times 10^{-5}$ and $3.8\sigma$, respectively.

The cross section for the $\textrm{Pb+Pb}\,(\gamma\gamma)\rightarrow\textrm{Pb}^{(\ast)}\textrm{+}\textrm{Pb}^{(\ast)}\,\gamma\gamma$ process is measured in a fiducial phase space defined by the photon transverse energy $E_{\text{T}}>3\leavevmode\nobreak\ \text{Ge\kern-1.00006ptV}$, photon absolute pseudorapidity $|\eta|<2.4$, diphoton invariant mass greater than 6 GeV, diphoton transverse momentum lower than 2 GeV and diphoton acoplanarity below 0.01. Experimentally, the fiducial cross section is given by

[TABLE]

where $N_{\textrm{data}}$ is the number of selected events in data, $N_{\textrm{bkg}}$ is the expected number of background events and $\int\!L\text{d}t$ is the integrated luminosity. The factor $C$ is used to correct for the net effect of the trigger efficiency, the diphoton reconstruction and PID efficiencies, as well as the impact of photon energy and angular resolution. It is defined as the ratio of the number of generated signal events satisfying the selection criteria after particle reconstruction and detector simulation to the number of generated events satisfying the fiducial criteria before reconstruction. The value of $C$ and its total uncertainty is determined to be $0.31\pm 0.07$. The dominant systematic uncertainties come from the uncertainties on the photon reconstruction and identification efficiencies. Other minor sources of uncertainty are the photon energy scale and resolution uncertainties and trigger efficiency uncertainty. In order to check for a potential model dependence, calculations from Ref. [28] are compared with predictions from Ref. [20], and a negligible impact on the $C$-factor uncertainty is found. Table 2 lists the separate contributions to the systematic uncertainty.

The uncertainty on the integrated luminosity is $6\%$. It is derived following a methodology similar to that detailed in Refs. [49, 50], from a calibration of the luminosity scale using x–y beam-separation scans performed in December 2015.

The measured fiducial cross section is $\sigma_{\textrm{fid}}=70\pm 24\leavevmode\nobreak\ \textrm{(stat.)}\pm 17\leavevmode\nobreak\ \textrm{(syst.)}$ nb, which is in agreement with the predicted values of $45\pm 9$ nb [20] and $49\pm 10$ nb [28] within uncertainties.

Conclusion

In summary, this article presents evidence for the scattering of light by light in quasi-real photon interactions from 480 $\mu{\mathrm{b}}^{-1}$ of ultra-peripheral Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ $=5.02\leavevmode\nobreak\ \text{Te\kern-1.00006ptV}$ by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The statistical significance against the background-only hypothesis is found to be $4.4$ standard deviations. After background subtraction and analysis corrections, the fiducial cross section for the $\textrm{Pb+Pb}\,(\gamma\gamma)\rightarrow\textrm{Pb}^{(\ast)}\textrm{+}\textrm{Pb}^{(\ast)}\,\gamma\gamma$ process was measured and is compatible with SM predictions.

The analysis is mostly limited by the amount of data available and the lower limit on transverse energy for reconstructed photons ($E_{\text{T}}=3\leavevmode\nobreak\ \text{Ge\kern-1.00006ptV}$), below which more signal is expected. Advancements on these two points would also allow for reconstruction of low-mass mesons decaying into two photons, which in turn could be used to improve detector calibration. The heavy-ion data yield is expected to double at the end of 2018 (and again increase tenfold after LHC Run 4, scheduled to start in 2026), which would significantly reduce the statistical uncertainty. Future upgrades of ATLAS, such as extended tracking acceptance from $|\eta|<2.5$ to $|\eta|<4.0$, will further improve this.

Acknowledgements

We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently.

We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d’Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Région Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.

The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [51].

Supplementary information

Exclusive dielectron production

Exclusive dielectron pairs from the reaction $\textrm{Pb+Pb}\,(\gamma\gamma)\rightarrow\textrm{Pb}^{(\ast)}\textrm{+}\textrm{Pb}^{(\ast)}\,e^{+}e^{-}$ are used for various aspects of the nominal analysis, in particular to validate the EM calorimeter energy scale and resolution.

To select these $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$ candidates, events are required to pass the same trigger as in the diphoton selection. Each electron is reconstructed from EM energy cluster in the calorimeter matched to a track in the inner detector [52]. The electrons are required to have a transverse energy $E_{\text{T}}>2.5\leavevmode\nobreak\ \text{Ge\kern-1.00006ptV}$ and pseudorapidity $|\eta|<2.47$ with the calorimeter transition region $1.37<|\eta|<1.52$ excluded. They are also required to meet “loose” identification criteria based on shower shape and track-quality variables [52]. Candidate events are selected by requiring two oppositely charged electrons and no further charged-particle tracks coming from an interaction region.

Selected events are compared with Monte Carlo (MC) simulation based on the Starlight 1.1 model [30], which combines the Pb+Pb equivalent photon approximation with the leading-order formula for $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$. The detector response is modelled using GEANT4 [26, 27] and the simulated events are passed through the same reconstruction and analysis chain as the data.

Figure 4 presents kinematic distributions of the dielectron system after the event selection. They show good agreement between the data and the QED prediction. In total, 3216 dielectron events are selected in data and $3300\pm 600$ events are expected from the simulation, where the uncertainty is due to limited knowledge of the initial photon fluxes. This modelling uncertainty is assigned as a global uncertainty and follows recommendations from Ref. [20].

Validation of CEP $gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ background modelling

The central exclusive production (CEP) $gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ is an important background process to consider in the nominal analysis, mainly due to similar two-photon final state and the “peripheral” nature of the interaction. The CEP $gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ occurs via the strong interaction through a quark loop in the exchange of two gluons in a colour-singlet state, which is schematically presented in Fig. 5.

In Pb+Pb collisions this process can be modelled with SuperChic [34] MC generator, as suggested in Ref. [20]. Since the exchanged objects are short-ranged comparing to the size of the Pb nucleus, the CEP occurs at relatively small impact parameters ($b$): typically twice the radius of the nuclei ($2R$) [41]. Moreover, the exchanged objects would normally give a large momentum transfer to the nucleus [41], leading to moderate tails in the $\gamma\gamma$ acoplanarity (Aco). These two effects would also result in a large probability of the outgoing ions to break-up (incoherent production) and in a strong suppression of the coherent CEP. Due to small impact parameters in CEP, the coherent production is further altered by additional Coulomb excitations of the outgoing ions [53]. The probability for the additional Coulomb break-up of at least one nucleus is estimated to be 80% for $b=2R$ [30].

When a nucleus breaks up, it produces neutrons at very small angles with respect to the Pb beams (forward neutrons). They are measured in ATLAS using zero-degree calorimeters (ZDC), which are sensitive to neutrons and photons with $|\eta|>8.3$. Therefore, to check the modelling of the CEP $gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ background, an analysis of energy deposits in ZDC is performed. The events are categorised for the signal ($\textrm{Aco}<0.01$) and the CEP-enhanced ($\textrm{Aco}>0.01$) regions. To separate the ZDC signal from the noise of electronic modules, a calibrated ZDC energy greater than 40% of the single neutron peak is required.

In the CEP-enhanced region, 4 events with no ZDC signal and 4 events with ZDC signal corresponding to multiple neutron emission (8 events in total) are observed in data, where 3.5 CEP $gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ events are expected from the simulation. A diphoton acoplanarity distribution for events with multiple forward neutron emission is presented in Fig. 6, which tends to agree with the CEP $gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ MC expectation. This observation suggests that the transverse momentum transfer in incoherent heavy-ion CEP is comparable with the proton–proton case, which justifies the usage of SuperChic generator to model CEP $gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ background contribution.

In the signal region, 11 events with no ZDC signal and 2 events with ZDC signal corresponding to exactly one neutron emission (13 events in total) are observed in data. The expected event yield from CEP $gg\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$ MC is 0.9 events, however, events with one or more emitted neutrons are expected from the signal process, due to an excitation of the nuclear giant dipole resonance [30].

Author information

The ATLAS Collaboration

M. Aaboud${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137d}}$, G. Aad${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, B. Abbott${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 115}}$, J. Abdallah${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 8}}$, O. Abdinov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 12}}$,∗, B. Abeloos${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, S.H. Abidi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 161}}$, O.S. AbouZeid${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, N.L. Abraham${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 151}}$, H. Abramowicz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 155}}$, H. Abreu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 154}}$, R. Abreu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 118}}$, Y. Abulaiti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 148a,148b}}$, B.S. Acharya${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 167a,167b}}$,a, S. Adachi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, L. Adamczyk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 41a}}$, J. Adelman${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 110}}$, M. Adersberger${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, T. Adye${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, A.A. Affolder${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, T. Agatonovic-Jovin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 14}}$, C. Agheorghiesei${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28c}}$, J.A. Aguilar-Saavedra${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 128a,128f}}$, S.P. Ahlen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 24}}$, F. Ahmadov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$,b, G. Aielli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 135a,135b}}$, S. Akatsuka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 71}}$, H. Akerstedt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 148a,148b}}$, T.P.A. Åkesson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$, A.V. Akimov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 98}}$, G.L. Alberghi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 22a,22b}}$, J. Albert${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 172}}$, M.J. Alconada Verzini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 74}}$, M. Aleksa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, I.N. Aleksandrov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, C. Alexa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28b}}$, G. Alexander${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 155}}$, T. Alexopoulos${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 10}}$, M. Alhroob${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 115}}$, B. Ali${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 130}}$, M. Aliev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 76a,76b}}$, G. Alimonti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 94a}}$, J. Alison${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, S.P. Alkire${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 38}}$, 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A.G. Buckley${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 56}}$, I.A. Budagov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, F. Buehrer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, M.K. Bugge${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 121}}$, O. Bulekov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, D. Bullock${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 8}}$, H. Burckhart${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, S. Burdin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$, C.D. Burgard${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, A.M. Burger${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 5}}$, B. Burghgrave${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 110}}$, K. Burka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 42}}$, S. Burke${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, I. Burmeister${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 46}}$, J.T.P. Burr${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, E. Busato${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 37}}$, D. Büscher${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, V. Büscher${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, P. Bussey${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 56}}$, J.M. Butler${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 24}}$, C.M. Buttar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 56}}$, J.M. Butterworth${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, P. Butti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, W. Buttinger${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, A. Buzatu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35c}}$, A.R. Buzykaev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 111}}$,c, S. Cabrera Urbán${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 170}}$, D. Caforio${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 130}}$, V.M. Cairo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 40a,40b}}$, O. Cakir${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 4a}}$, N. Calace${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, P. Calafiura${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, A. Calandri${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, G. Calderini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, P. Calfayan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 64}}$, G. Callea${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 40a,40b}}$, L.P. Caloba${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26a}}$, S. Calvente Lopez${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 85}}$, D. Calvet${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 37}}$, S. Calvet${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 37}}$, T.P. Calvet${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, R. Camacho Toro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, S. Camarda${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, P. Camarri${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 135a,135b}}$, D. Cameron${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 121}}$, R. Caminal Armadans${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 169}}$, C. Camincher${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 58}}$, S. Campana${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, M. Campanelli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, A. Camplani${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 94a,94b}}$, A. Campoverde${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 143}}$, V. Canale${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 106a,106b}}$, M. Cano Bret${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36c}}$, J. Cantero${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, T. Cao${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 155}}$, M.D.M. Capeans Garrido${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, I. Caprini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28b}}$, M. Caprini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28b}}$, M. Capua${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 40a,40b}}$, R.M. Carbone${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 38}}$, R. Cardarelli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 135a}}$, F. Cardillo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, I. Carli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 131}}$, T. Carli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, G. Carlino${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 106a}}$, B.T. Carlson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 127}}$, L. Carminati${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 94a,94b}}$, R.M.D. Carney${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 148a,148b}}$, S. Caron${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 108}}$, E. Carquin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34b}}$, G.D. Carrillo-Montoya${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, J. Carvalho${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 128a,128c}}$, D. Casadei${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 19}}$, M.P. Casado${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 13}}$,j, M. Casolino${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 13}}$, D.W. Casper${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 166}}$, R. Castelijn${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, A. Castelli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, V. Castillo Gimenez${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 170}}$, N.F. Castro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 128a}}$,k, A. Catinaccio${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, J.R. Catmore${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 121}}$, A. Cattai${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, J. Caudron${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, V. Cavaliere${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 169}}$, E. Cavallaro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 13}}$, D. Cavalli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 94a}}$, M. Cavalli-Sforza${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 13}}$, V. Cavasinni${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 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A. Chegwidden${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, S. Chekanov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 6}}$, S.V. Chekulaev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 163a}}$, G.A. Chelkov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$,l, M.A. Chelstowska${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, C. Chen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 67}}$, H. Chen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, S. Chen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35b}}$, S. Chen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, X. Chen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35c}}$,m, Y. Chen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 70}}$, H.C. Cheng${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 92}}$, H.J. Cheng${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35a}}$, Y. Cheng${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, A. Cheplakov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, E. Cheremushkina${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$, R. Cherkaoui El Moursli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137e}}$, V. Chernyatin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$,∗, E. Cheu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, L. Chevalier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, V. Chiarella${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 50}}$, G. Chiarelli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126a,126b}}$, G. Chiodini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 76a}}$, A.S. Chisholm${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, A. Chitan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28b}}$, Y.H. Chiu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 172}}$, M.V. Chizhov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, K. Choi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 64}}$, A.R. Chomont${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 37}}$, S. Chouridou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 9}}$, B.K.B. Chow${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, V. Christodoulou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, D. Chromek-Burckhart${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, M.C. Chu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 62a}}$, J. Chudoba${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, A.J. Chuinard${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 90}}$, J.J. Chwastowski${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 42}}$, L. Chytka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 117}}$, A.K. Ciftci${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 4a}}$, D. Cinca${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 46}}$, V. Cindro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 78}}$, I.A. Cioara${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, C. Ciocca${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 22a,22b}}$, A. Ciocio${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, F. Cirotto${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 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V. Consorti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, S. Constantinescu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28b}}$, G. Conti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, F. Conventi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 106a}}$,n, M. Cooke${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, B.D. Cooper${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, A.M. Cooper-Sarkar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, F. Cormier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 171}}$, K.J.R. Cormier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 161}}$, T. Cornelissen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 178}}$, M. Corradi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134a,134b}}$, F. Corriveau${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 90}}$,o, A. Cortes-Gonzalez${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, G. Cortiana${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, G. Costa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 94a}}$, M.J. Costa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 170}}$, D. Costanzo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, G. Cottin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 30}}$, G. Cowan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 80}}$, B.E. Cox${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, K. Cranmer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 112}}$, S.J. Crawley${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 56}}$, R.A. Creager${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 124}}$, G. Cree${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 31}}$, S. Crépé-Renaudin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 58}}$, F. Crescioli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, W.A. Cribbs${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 148a,148b}}$, M. Crispin Ortuzar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, M. Cristinziani${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, V. Croft${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 108}}$, G. Crosetti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 40a,40b}}$, A. Cueto${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 85}}$, T. Cuhadar Donszelmann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, J. Cummings${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 179}}$, M. Curatolo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 50}}$, J. Cúth${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, H. Czirr${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 143}}$, P. Czodrowski${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, G. D’amen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 22a,22b}}$, S. D’Auria${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 56}}$, M. D’Onofrio${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$, M.J. Da Cunha Sargedas De Sousa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 128a,128b}}$, C. Da Via${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, W. Dabrowski${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 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E. Dawe${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, I. Dawson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, K. De${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 8}}$, R. de Asmundis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 106a}}$, A. De Benedetti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 115}}$, S. De Castro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 22a,22b}}$, S. De Cecco${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, N. De Groot${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 108}}$, P. de Jong${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, H. De la Torre${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, F. De Lorenzi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 67}}$, A. De Maria${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, D. De Pedis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134a}}$, A. De Salvo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134a}}$, U. De Sanctis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 135a,135b}}$, A. De Santo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 151}}$, K. De Vasconcelos Corga${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, J.B. De Vivie De Regie${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, W.J. Dearnaley${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 75}}$, R. Debbe${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, C. Debenedetti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, D.V. Dedovich${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, N. Dehghanian${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 3}}$, I. Deigaard${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, M. Del Gaudio${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 40a,40b}}$, J. Del Peso${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 85}}$, T. Del Prete${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126a,126b}}$, D. Delgove${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, F. Deliot${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, C.M. Delitzsch${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, A. Dell’Acqua${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, L. Dell’Asta${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 24}}$, M. Dell’Orso${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126a,126b}}$, M. Della Pietra${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 106a,106b}}$, D. della Volpe${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, M. Delmastro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 5}}$, C. Delporte${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, P.A. Delsart${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 58}}$, D.A. DeMarco${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 161}}$, S. Demers${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 179}}$, M. Demichev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, A. Demilly${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, S.P. Denisov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$, D. Denysiuk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, D. Derendarz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 42}}$, J.E. Derkaoui${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137d}}$, F. Derue${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, P. Dervan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$, K. Desch${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, C. Deterre${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, K. Dette${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 46}}$, P.O. Deviveiros${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, A. Dewhurst${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, S. Dhaliwal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, A. Di Ciaccio${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 135a,135b}}$, L. Di Ciaccio${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 5}}$, W.K. Di Clemente${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 124}}$, C. Di Donato${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 106a,106b}}$, A. Di Girolamo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, B. Di Girolamo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, B. Di Micco${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 136a,136b}}$, R. Di Nardo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, K.F. Di Petrillo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 59}}$, A. Di Simone${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, R. Di Sipio${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 161}}$, D. Di Valentino${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 31}}$, C. Diaconu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, M. Diamond${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 161}}$, F.A. Dias${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 49}}$, M.A. Diaz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34a}}$, E.B. Diehl${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 92}}$, J. Dietrich${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 17}}$, S. Díez Cornell${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, A. Dimitrievska${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 14}}$, J. Dingfelder${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, P. Dita${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28b}}$, S. Dita${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28b}}$, F. Dittus${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, F. Djama${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, T. Djobava${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 54b}}$, J.I. Djuvsland${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60a}}$, M.A.B. do Vale${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26c}}$, D. Dobos${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, M. Dobre${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28b}}$, C. Doglioni${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$, J. Dolejsi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 131}}$, Z. Dolezal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 131}}$, M. Donadelli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26d}}$, S. Donati${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126a,126b}}$, P. Dondero${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123a,123b}}$, J. Donini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 37}}$, J. Dopke${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, A. Doria${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 106a}}$, M.T. Dova${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 74}}$, A.T. Doyle${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 56}}$, E. Drechsler${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, M. Dris${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 10}}$, Y. Du${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36b}}$, J. Duarte-Campderros${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 155}}$, E. Duchovni${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 175}}$, G. Duckeck${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, A. Ducourthial${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, O.A. Ducu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 97}}$,p, D. Duda${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, A. Dudarev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, A.Chr. Dudder${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, E.M. Duffield${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, L. Duflot${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, M. Dührssen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, M. Dumancic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 175}}$, A.E. Dumitriu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28b}}$, A.K. Duncan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 56}}$, M. Dunford${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60a}}$, H. Duran Yildiz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 4a}}$, M. Düren${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 55}}$, A. Durglishvili${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 54b}}$, D. Duschinger${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 47}}$, B. Dutta${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, M. Dyndal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, C. Eckardt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, K.M. Ecker${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, R.C. Edgar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 92}}$, T. Eifert${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, G. Eigen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 15}}$, K. Einsweiler${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, T. Ekelof${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 168}}$, M. El Kacimi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137c}}$, R. El Kosseifi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, V. Ellajosyula${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, M. Ellert${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 168}}$, S. Elles${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 5}}$, F. Ellinghaus${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 178}}$, A.A. Elliot${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 172}}$, N. Ellis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, J. Elmsheuser${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, M. Elsing${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, D. Emeliyanov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, Y. Enari${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, O.C. Endner${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, J.S. Ennis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 173}}$, J. Erdmann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 46}}$, A. Ereditato${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 18}}$, G. Ernis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 178}}$, M. Ernst${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, S. Errede${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 169}}$, E. Ertel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, M. Escalier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, H. Esch${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 46}}$, C. Escobar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 127}}$, B. Esposito${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 50}}$, A.I. Etienvre${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, E. Etzion${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 155}}$, H. Evans${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 64}}$, A. Ezhilov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 125}}$, F. Fabbri${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 22a,22b}}$, L. Fabbri${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 22a,22b}}$, G. Facini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, R.M. Fakhrutdinov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$, S. Falciano${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134a}}$, R.J. Falla${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, J. Faltova${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, Y. Fang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35a}}$, M. Fanti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 94a,94b}}$, A. Farbin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 8}}$, A. Farilla${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 136a}}$, C. Farina${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 127}}$, E.M. Farina${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123a,123b}}$, T. Farooque${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, S. Farrell${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, S.M. Farrington${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 173}}$, P. Farthouat${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, F. Fassi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137e}}$, P. Fassnacht${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, D. Fassouliotis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 9}}$, M. Faucci Giannelli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 80}}$, A. Favareto${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53a,53b}}$, W.J. Fawcett${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, L. Fayard${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, O.L. Fedin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 125}}$,q, W. Fedorko${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 171}}$, S. Feigl${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 121}}$, L. Feligioni${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, C. Feng${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36b}}$, E.J. Feng${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, H. Feng${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 92}}$, A.B. Fenyuk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$, L. Feremenga${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 8}}$, P. Fernandez Martinez${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 170}}$, S. Fernandez Perez${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 13}}$, J. Ferrando${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, A. Ferrari${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 168}}$, P. Ferrari${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, R. Ferrari${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123a}}$, D.E. Ferreira de Lima${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60b}}$, A. Ferrer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 170}}$, D. Ferrere${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, C. Ferretti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 92}}$, F. Fiedler${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, A. Filipčič${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 78}}$, M. Filipuzzi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, F. Filthaut${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 108}}$, M. Fincke-Keeler${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 172}}$, K.D. Finelli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 152}}$, M.C.N. Fiolhais${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 128a,128c}}$,r, L. Fiorini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 170}}$, A. Fischer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, C. Fischer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 13}}$, J. Fischer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 178}}$, W.C. Fisher${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, N. Flaschel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, I. Fleck${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 143}}$, P. Fleischmann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 92}}$, R.R.M. Fletcher${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 124}}$, T. Flick${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 178}}$, B.M. Flierl${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, L.R. Flores Castillo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 62a}}$, M.J. Flowerdew${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, G.T. Forcolin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, A. Formica${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, A. Forti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, A.G. Foster${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 19}}$, D. Fournier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, H. Fox${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 75}}$, S. Fracchia${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 13}}$, P. Francavilla${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, M. Franchini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 22a,22b}}$, S. Franchino${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60a}}$, D. Francis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, L. Franconi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 121}}$, M. Franklin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 59}}$, M. Frate${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 166}}$, M. Fraternali${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123a,123b}}$, D. Freeborn${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, S.M. Fressard-Batraneanu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, B. Freund${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 97}}$, D. Froidevaux${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, J.A. Frost${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, C. Fukunaga${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 158}}$, E. Fullana Torregrosa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, T. Fusayasu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 104}}$, J. Fuster${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 170}}$, C. Gabaldon${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 58}}$, O. Gabizon${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 154}}$, A. Gabrielli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 22a,22b}}$, A. Gabrielli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, G.P. Gach${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 41a}}$, S. Gadatsch${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, S. Gadomski${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 80}}$, G. Gagliardi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53a,53b}}$, L.G. Gagnon${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 97}}$, P. Gagnon${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 64}}$, C. Galea${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 108}}$, B. Galhardo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 128a,128c}}$, E.J. Gallas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, B.J. Gallop${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, P. Gallus${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 130}}$, G. Galster${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 39}}$, K.K. Gan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, S. Ganguly${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 37}}$, J. Gao${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36a}}$, Y. Gao${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$, Y.S. Gao${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 145}}$,g, F.M. Garay Walls${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 49}}$, C. García${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 170}}$, J.E. García Navarro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 170}}$, M. Garcia-Sciveres${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, R.W. Gardner${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, N. Garelli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 145}}$, V. Garonne${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 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M. Ghneimat${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, B. Giacobbe${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 22a}}$, S. Giagu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134a,134b}}$, P. Giannetti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126a,126b}}$, S.M. Gibson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 80}}$, M. Gignac${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 171}}$, M. Gilchriese${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, D. Gillberg${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 31}}$, G. Gilles${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 178}}$, D.M. Gingrich${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 3}}$,d, N. Giokaris${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 9}}$,∗, M.P. Giordani${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 167a,167c}}$, F.M. Giorgi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 22a}}$, P.F. Giraud${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, P. Giromini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 59}}$, D. Giugni${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 94a}}$, F. Giuli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, C. Giuliani${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, M. Giulini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60b}}$, B.K. Gjelsten${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 121}}$, S. Gkaitatzis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 156}}$, I. Gkialas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 9}}$, E.L. Gkougkousis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, L.K. Gladilin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 101}}$, C. Glasman${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 85}}$, J. Glatzer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 13}}$, P.C.F. Glaysher${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, A. Glazov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, M. Goblirsch-Kolb${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, J. Godlewski${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 42}}$, S. Goldfarb${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, T. Golling${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, D. Golubkov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$, A. Gomes${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 128a,128b,128d}}$, R. Gonçalo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 128a}}$, R. Goncalves Gama${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26a}}$, J. Goncalves Pinto Firmino Da Costa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, G. Gonella${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, L. Gonella${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 19}}$, A. Gongadze${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, S. González de la Hoz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 170}}$, S. Gonzalez-Sevilla${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, L. Goossens${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, P.A. Gorbounov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 99}}$, H.A. Gordon${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, I. Gorelov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 107}}$, B. Gorini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, E. Gorini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 76a,76b}}$, A. Gorišek${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 78}}$, A.T. Goshaw${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 48}}$, C. Gössling${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 46}}$, M.I. Gostkin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, C.R. Goudet${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, D. Goujdami${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137c}}$, A.G. Goussiou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, N. Govender${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 147b}}$,t, E. Gozani${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 154}}$, L. Graber${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, I. Grabowska-Bold${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 41a}}$, P.O.J. Gradin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 168}}$, J. Gramling${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, E. Gramstad${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 121}}$, S. Grancagnolo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 17}}$, V. Gratchev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 125}}$, P.M. Gravila${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28f}}$, H.M. Gray${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, Z.D. Greenwood${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 82}}$,u, C. Grefe${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, K. Gregersen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, I.M. Gregor${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, P. Grenier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 145}}$, K. Grevtsov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 5}}$, J. Griffiths${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 8}}$, A.A. Grillo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, K. Grimm${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 75}}$, S. Grinstein${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 13}}$,v, Ph. Gris${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 37}}$, J.-F. Grivaz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, S. Groh${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, E. Gross${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 175}}$, J. Grosse-Knetter${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, G.C. Grossi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 82}}$, Z.J. Grout${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, L. Guan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 92}}$, W. Guan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 176}}$, J. Guenther${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 65}}$, F. Guescini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 163a}}$, D. Guest${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 166}}$, O. Gueta${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 155}}$, B. Gui${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, E. Guido${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53a,53b}}$, T. Guillemin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 5}}$, S. Guindon${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, U. Gul${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 56}}$, C. Gumpert${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, J. Guo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36c}}$, W. Guo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 92}}$, Y. Guo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36a}}$, R. Gupta${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 43}}$, S. Gupta${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, G. Gustavino${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134a,134b}}$, P. Gutierrez${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 115}}$, N.G. Gutierrez Ortiz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, C. Gutschow${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, C. Guyot${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, M.P. Guzik${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 41a}}$, C. Gwenlan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, C.B. Gwilliam${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$, A. Haas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 112}}$, C. Haber${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, H.K. Hadavand${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 8}}$, A. Hadef${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, S. Hageböck${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, M. Hagihara${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 164}}$, H. Hakobyan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 180}}$,∗, M. Haleem${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, J. Haley${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, G. Halladjian${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, G.D. Hallewell${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, K. Hamacher${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 178}}$, P. Hamal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 117}}$, K. Hamano${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 172}}$, A. Hamilton${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 147a}}$, G.N. Hamity${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, P.G. Hamnett${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, L. Han${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36a}}$, S. Han${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35a}}$, K. Hanagaki${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$,w, K. Hanawa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, M. Hance${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, B. Haney${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 124}}$, P. Hanke${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60a}}$, J.B. Hansen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 39}}$, J.D. Hansen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 39}}$, M.C. Hansen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, P.H. Hansen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 39}}$, K. Hara${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 164}}$, A.S. Hard${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 176}}$, T. Harenberg${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 178}}$, F. Hariri${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, S. Harkusha${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 95}}$, R.D. Harrington${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 49}}$, P.F. Harrison${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 173}}$, F. Hartjes${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, N.M. Hartmann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, M. Hasegawa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 70}}$, Y. Hasegawa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 142}}$, A. Hasib${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 49}}$, S. Hassani${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, S. Haug${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 18}}$, R. Hauser${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, L. Hauswald${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 47}}$, L.B. Havener${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 38}}$, M. Havranek${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 130}}$, C.M. Hawkes${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 19}}$, R.J. Hawkings${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, D. Hayakawa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 159}}$, D. Hayden${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, C.P. Hays${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, J.M. Hays${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 79}}$, H.S. Hayward${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$, S.J. Haywood${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, S.J. Head${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 19}}$, T. Heck${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, V. Hedberg${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$, L. Heelan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 8}}$, K.K. Heidegger${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, S. Heim${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, T. Heim${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, B. Heinemann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$,x, J.J. Heinrich${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, L. Heinrich${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 112}}$, C. Heinz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 55}}$, J. Hejbal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, L. Helary${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, A. Held${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 171}}$, S. Hellman${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 148a,148b}}$, C. Helsens${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, J. Henderson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, R.C.W. Henderson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 75}}$, Y. Heng${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 176}}$, S. Henkelmann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 171}}$, A.M. Henriques Correia${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, S. Henrot-Versille${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, G.H. Herbert${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 17}}$, H. Herde${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, V. Herget${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 177}}$, Y. Hernández Jiménez${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 147c}}$, G. Herten${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, R. Hertenberger${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, L. Hervas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, T.C. Herwig${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 124}}$, G.G. Hesketh${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, N.P. Hessey${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 163a}}$, J.W. Hetherly${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 43}}$, S. Higashino${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, E. Higón-Rodriguez${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 170}}$, E. Hill${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 172}}$, J.C. Hill${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 30}}$, K.H. Hiller${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, S.J. Hillier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 19}}$, I. Hinchliffe${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, M. Hirose${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, D. Hirschbuehl${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 178}}$, B. Hiti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 78}}$, O. Hladik${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, X. Hoad${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 49}}$, J. Hobbs${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 150}}$, N. Hod${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 163a}}$, M.C. Hodgkinson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, P. Hodgson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, A. Hoecker${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, M.R. Hoeferkamp${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 107}}$, F. Hoenig${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, D. Hohn${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, T.R. Holmes${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, M. Homann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 46}}$, S. Honda${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 164}}$, T. Honda${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, T.M. Hong${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 127}}$, B.H. Hooberman${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 169}}$, W.H. Hopkins${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 118}}$, Y. Horii${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 105}}$, A.J. Horton${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 144}}$, J-Y. Hostachy${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 58}}$, S. Hou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 153}}$, A. Hoummada${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137a}}$, J. Howarth${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, J. Hoya${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 74}}$, M. Hrabovsky${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 117}}$, I. Hristova${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 17}}$, J. Hrivnac${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, T. Hryn’ova${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 5}}$, A. Hrynevich${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, P.J. Hsu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 63}}$, S.-C. Hsu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, Q. Hu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36a}}$, S. Hu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36c}}$, Y. Huang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35a}}$, Z. Hubacek${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 130}}$, F. Hubaut${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, F. Huegging${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, T.B. Huffman${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, E.W. Hughes${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 38}}$, G. Hughes${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 75}}$, M. Huhtinen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, P. Huo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 150}}$, N. Huseynov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$,b, J. Huston${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, J. Huth${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 59}}$, G. Iacobucci${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, G. Iakovidis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, I. Ibragimov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 143}}$, L. Iconomidou-Fayard${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, P. Iengo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, O. Igonkina${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$,y, T. Iizawa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 174}}$, Y. Ikegami${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, M. Ikeno${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, Y. Ilchenko${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 11}}$,z, D. Iliadis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 156}}$, N. Ilic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 145}}$, G. Introzzi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123a,123b}}$, P. Ioannou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 9}}$,∗, M. Iodice${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 136a}}$, K. Iordanidou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 38}}$, V. Ippolito${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 59}}$, N. Ishijima${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 120}}$, M. Ishino${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, M. Ishitsuka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 159}}$, C. Issever${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, S. Istin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20a}}$, F. Ito${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 164}}$, J.M. Iturbe Ponce${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, R. Iuppa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 162a,162b}}$, H. Iwasaki${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, J.M. Izen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 44}}$, V. Izzo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 106a}}$, S. Jabbar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 3}}$, P. Jackson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 1}}$, V. Jain${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, K.B. Jakobi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, K. Jakobs${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, S. Jakobsen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, T. Jakoubek${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, D.O. Jamin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, D.K. Jana${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 82}}$, R. Jansky${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 65}}$, J. Janssen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, M. Janus${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, P.A. Janus${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 41a}}$, G. Jarlskog${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$, N. Javadov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$,b, T. Javůrek${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, M. Javurkova${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, F. Jeanneau${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, L. Jeanty${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, J. Jejelava${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 54a}}$,aa, A. Jelinskas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 173}}$, P. Jenni${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$,ab, C. Jeske${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 173}}$, S. Jézéquel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 5}}$, H. Ji${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 176}}$, J. Jia${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 150}}$, H. Jiang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 67}}$, Y. Jiang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36a}}$, Z. Jiang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 145}}$, S. Jiggins${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, J. Jimenez Pena${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 170}}$, S. Jin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35a}}$, A. Jinaru${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28b}}$, O. Jinnouchi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 159}}$, H. Jivan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 147c}}$, P. Johansson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, K.A. Johns${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, C.A. Johnson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 64}}$, W.J. Johnson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, K. Jon-And${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 148a,148b}}$, R.W.L. Jones${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 75}}$, S. Jones${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, T.J. Jones${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$, J. Jongmanns${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60a}}$, P.M. Jorge${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 128a,128b}}$, J. Jovicevic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 163a}}$, X. Ju${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 176}}$, A. Juste Rozas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 13}}$,v, M.K. Köhler${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 175}}$, A. Kaczmarska${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 42}}$, M. Kado${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, H. Kagan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, M. Kagan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 145}}$, S.J. Kahn${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, T. Kaji${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 174}}$, E. Kajomovitz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 48}}$, C.W. Kalderon${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$, A. Kaluza${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, S. Kama${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 43}}$, A. Kamenshchikov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$, N. Kanaya${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, S. Kaneti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 30}}$, L. Kanjir${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 78}}$, V.A. Kantserov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, J. Kanzaki${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, B. Kaplan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 112}}$, L.S. Kaplan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 176}}$, D. Kar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 147c}}$, K. Karakostas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 10}}$, N. Karastathis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 10}}$, M.J. Kareem${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, E. Karentzos${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 10}}$, S.N. Karpov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, Z.M. Karpova${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, K. Karthik${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 112}}$, V. Kartvelishvili${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 75}}$, A.N. Karyukhin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$, K. Kasahara${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 164}}$, L. Kashif${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 176}}$, R.D. Kass${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, A. Kastanas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 149}}$, Y. Kataoka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, C. Kato${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, A. Katre${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, J. Katzy${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, K. Kawade${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 105}}$, K. Kawagoe${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 73}}$, T. Kawamoto${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, G. Kawamura${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, E.F. Kay${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$, V.F. Kazanin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 111}}$,c, R. Keeler${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 172}}$, R. Kehoe${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 43}}$, J.S. Keller${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, J.J. Kempster${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 80}}$, H. Keoshkerian${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 161}}$, O. Kepka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, B.P. Kerševan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 78}}$, S. Kersten${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 178}}$, R.A. Keyes${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 90}}$, M. Khader${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 169}}$, F. Khalil-zada${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 12}}$, A. Khanov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, A.G. Kharlamov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 111}}$,c, T. Kharlamova${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 111}}$,c, A. Khodinov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 160}}$, T.J. Khoo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, V. Khovanskiy${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 99}}$,∗, E. Khramov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, J. Khubua${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 54b}}$,ac, S. Kido${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 70}}$, C.R. Kilby${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 80}}$, H.Y. Kim${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 8}}$, S.H. Kim${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 164}}$, Y.K. Kim${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, N. Kimura${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 156}}$, O.M. Kind${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 17}}$, B.T. King${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$, D. Kirchmeier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 47}}$, J. Kirk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, A.E. Kiryunin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, T. Kishimoto${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, D. Kisielewska${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 41a}}$, K. Kiuchi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 164}}$, O. Kivernyk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 5}}$, E. Kladiva${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 146b}}$, T. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, M.H. Klein${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 38}}$, M. Klein${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$, U. Klein${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$, K. Kleinknecht${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, P. Klimek${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 110}}$, A. Klimentov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, R. Klingenberg${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 46}}$, T. Klingl${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, T. Klioutchnikova${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, E.-E. Kluge${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60a}}$, P. Kluit${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, S. Kluth${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, J. Knapik${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 42}}$, E. Kneringer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 65}}$, E.B.F.G. Knoops${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, A. Knue${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, A. Kobayashi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, D. Kobayashi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 159}}$, T. Kobayashi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, M. Kobel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 47}}$, M. Kocian${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 145}}$, P. Kodys${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 131}}$, T. Koffas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 31}}$, E. Koffeman${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, N.M. Köhler${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, T. Koi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 145}}$, M. Kolb${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60b}}$, I. Koletsou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 5}}$, A.A. Komar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 98}}$,∗, Y. Komori${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, T. Kondo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, N. Kondrashova${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36c}}$, K. Köneke${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, A.C. König${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 108}}$, T. Kono${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$,ad, R. Konoplich${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 112}}$,ae, N. Konstantinidis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, R. Kopeliansky${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 64}}$, S. Koperny${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 41a}}$, A.K. Kopp${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, K. Korcyl${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 42}}$, K. Kordas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 156}}$, A. Korn${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, A.A. Korol${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 111}}$,c, I. Korolkov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 13}}$, E.V. Korolkova${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, O. Kortner${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, S. Kortner${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, T. Kosek${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 131}}$, V.V. Kostyukhin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, A. Kotwal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 48}}$, A. Koulouris${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 10}}$, A. Kourkoumeli-Charalampidi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123a,123b}}$, C. Kourkoumelis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 9}}$, E. Kourlitis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, V. Kouskoura${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, A.B. Kowalewska${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 42}}$, R. Kowalewski${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 172}}$, T.Z. Kowalski${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 41a}}$, C. Kozakai${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, W. Kozanecki${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, A.S. Kozhin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$, V.A. Kramarenko${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 101}}$, G. Kramberger${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 78}}$, D. Krasnopevtsev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, A. Krasznahorkay${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, D. Krauss${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, A. Kravchenko${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, J.A. Kremer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 41a}}$, M. Kretz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60c}}$, J. Kretzschmar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$, K. Kreutzfeldt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 55}}$, 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T. Pauly${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, J. Pearce${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 172}}$, B. Pearson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, L.E. Pedersen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 39}}$, S. Pedraza Lopez${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 170}}$, R. Pedro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 128a,128b}}$, S.V. Peleganchuk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 111}}$,c, O. Penc${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, C. Peng${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35a}}$, H. Peng${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36a}}$, J. Penwell${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 64}}$, B.S. Peralva${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26b}}$, M.M. Perego${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, D.V. Perepelitsa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, L. Perini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 94a,94b}}$, H. Pernegger${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, S. Perrella${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 106a,106b}}$, R. Peschke${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, V.D. Peshekhonov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, K. Peters${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, R.F.Y. Peters${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, B.A. Petersen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, T.C. Petersen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 39}}$, E. Petit${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 58}}$, A. Petridis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 1}}$, C. Petridou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 156}}$, P. Petroff${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, E. Petrolo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134a}}$, M. Petrov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, F. Petrucci${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 136a,136b}}$, N.E. Pettersson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 89}}$, A. Peyaud${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, R. Pezoa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34b}}$, P.W. Phillips${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, G. Piacquadio${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 150}}$, E. Pianori${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 173}}$, A. Picazio${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 89}}$, E. Piccaro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 79}}$, M.A. Pickering${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, R. Piegaia${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 29}}$, J.E. Pilcher${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, A.D. Pilkington${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, A.W.J. Pin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, M. Pinamonti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 167a,167c}}$,al, 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D.M. Rauch${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, F. Rauscher${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, S. Rave${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, T. Ravenscroft${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 56}}$, I. Ravinovich${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 175}}$, J.H. Rawling${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, M. Raymond${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, A.L. Read${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 121}}$, N.P. Readioff${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$, M. Reale${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 76a,76b}}$, D.M. Rebuzzi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123a,123b}}$, A. Redelbach${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 177}}$, G. Redlinger${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, R. Reece${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, R.G. Reed${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 147c}}$, K. Reeves${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 44}}$, L. Rehnisch${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 17}}$, J. Reichert${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 124}}$, A. Reiss${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, C. Rembser${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, H. Ren${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35a}}$, M. Rescigno${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134a}}$, S. Resconi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 94a}}$, 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S. Stärz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, R. Staszewski${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 42}}$, P. Steinberg${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, B. Stelzer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 144}}$, H.J. Stelzer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, O. Stelzer-Chilton${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 163a}}$, H. Stenzel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 55}}$, G.A. Stewart${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 56}}$, J.A. Stillings${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, M.C. Stockton${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 118}}$, M. Stoebe${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 90}}$, G. Stoicea${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28b}}$, P. Stolte${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, S. Stonjek${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, A.R. Stradling${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 8}}$, A. Straessner${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 47}}$, M.E. Stramaglia${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 18}}$, J. Strandberg${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 149}}$, S. Strandberg${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 148a,148b}}$, A. Strandlie${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 121}}$, M. Strauss${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 115}}$, P. Strizenec${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 146b}}$, R. Ströhmer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 177}}$, D.M. Strom${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 118}}$, R. Stroynowski${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 43}}$, A. Strubig${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 108}}$, S.A. Stucci${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, B. Stugu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 15}}$, N.A. Styles${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, D. Su${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 145}}$, J. Su${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 127}}$, S. Suchek${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60a}}$, Y. Sugaya${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 120}}$, M. Suk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 130}}$, V.V. Sulin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 98}}$, S. Sultansoy${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 4c}}$, T. Sumida${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 71}}$, S. Sun${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 59}}$, X. Sun${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 3}}$, K. Suruliz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 151}}$, C.J.E. Suster${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 152}}$, M.R. Sutton${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 151}}$, S. Suzuki${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, M. Svatos${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, M. Swiatlowski${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, S.P. Swift${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, A. Sydorenko${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, I. Sykora${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 146a}}$, T. Sykora${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 131}}$, D. Ta${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, K. Tackmann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, J. Taenzer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 155}}$, A. Taffard${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 166}}$, R. Tafirout${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 163a}}$, N. Taiblum${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 155}}$, H. Takai${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, R. Takashima${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 72}}$, T. Takeshita${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 142}}$, Y. Takubo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, M. Talby${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, A.A. Talyshev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 111}}$,c, J. Tanaka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, M. Tanaka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 159}}$, R. Tanaka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, S. Tanaka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, R. Tanioka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 70}}$, B.B. Tannenwald${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, S. Tapia Araya${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34b}}$, S. Tapprogge${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, S. Tarem${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 154}}$, G.F. Tartarelli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 94a}}$, P. Tas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 131}}$, M. Tasevsky${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, T. Tashiro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 71}}$, E. Tassi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 40a,40b}}$, A. Tavares Delgado${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 128a,128b}}$, Y. Tayalati${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137e}}$, A.C. Taylor${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 107}}$, G.N. Taylor${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, P.T.E. Taylor${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, W. Taylor${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 163b}}$, P. Teixeira-Dias${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 80}}$, D. Temple${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 144}}$, H. Ten Kate${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, P.K. Teng${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 153}}$, J.J. Teoh${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 120}}$, F. Tepel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 178}}$, S. Terada${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, K. Terashi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, J. Terron${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 85}}$, S. Terzo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 13}}$, M. Testa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 50}}$, R.J. Teuscher${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 161}}$,o, T. Theveneaux-Pelzer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, J.P. Thomas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 19}}$, J. Thomas-Wilsker${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 80}}$, P.D. Thompson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 19}}$, A.S. Thompson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 56}}$, L.A. Thomsen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 179}}$, E. Thomson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 124}}$, M.J. Tibbetts${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, R.E. Ticse Torres${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, V.O. Tikhomirov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 98}}$,ar, Yu.A. Tikhonov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 111}}$,c, S. Timoshenko${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, P. Tipton${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 179}}$, S. Tisserant${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, K. Todome${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 159}}$, S. Todorova-Nova${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 5}}$, J. Tojo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 73}}$, S. Tokár${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 146a}}$, K. Tokushuku${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, E. Tolley${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 59}}$, L. Tomlinson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, M. Tomoto${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 105}}$, L. Tompkins${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 145}}$,as, K. Toms${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 107}}$, B. Tong${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 59}}$, P. Tornambe${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, E. Torrence${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 118}}$, H. Torres${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 144}}$, E. Torró Pastor${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, J. Toth${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$,at, F. Touchard${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, D.R. Tovey${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, C.J. Treado${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 112}}$, T. Trefzger${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 177}}$, A. Tricoli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, I.M. Trigger${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 163a}}$, S. Trincaz-Duvoid${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, M.F. Tripiana${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 13}}$, W. Trischuk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 161}}$, B. Trocmé${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 58}}$, A. Trofymov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, C. Troncon${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 94a}}$, M. Trottier-McDonald${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, M. Trovatelli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 172}}$, L. Truong${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 167a,167c}}$, M. Trzebinski${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 42}}$, A. Trzupek${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 42}}$, K.W. Tsang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 62a}}$, J.C-L. Tseng${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, P.V. Tsiareshka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 95}}$, G. Tsipolitis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 10}}$, N. Tsirintanis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 9}}$, S. Tsiskaridze${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 13}}$, V. Tsiskaridze${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, E.G. Tskhadadze${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 54a}}$, K.M. Tsui${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 62a}}$, I.I. Tsukerman${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 99}}$, V. Tsulaia${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, S. Tsuno${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, D. Tsybychev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 150}}$, Y. Tu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 62b}}$, A. Tudorache${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28b}}$, V. Tudorache${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28b}}$, T.T. Tulbure${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28a}}$, A.N. Tuna${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 59}}$, S.A. Tupputi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 22a,22b}}$, S. Turchikhin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, D. Turgeman${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 175}}$, I. Turk Cakir${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 4b}}$,au, R. Turra${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 94a,94b}}$, P.M. Tuts${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 38}}$, G. Ucchielli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 22a,22b}}$, I. Ueda${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, M. Ughetto${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 148a,148b}}$, F. Ukegawa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 164}}$, G. Unal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, A. Undrus${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, G. Unel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 166}}$, F.C. Ungaro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, Y. Unno${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, C. Unverdorben${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, J. Urban${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 146b}}$, P. Urquijo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, P. Urrejola${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, G. Usai${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 8}}$, J. Usui${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, L. Vacavant${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, V. Vacek${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 130}}$, B. Vachon${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 90}}$, C. Valderanis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, E. Valdes Santurio${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 148a,148b}}$, N. Valencic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, S. Valentinetti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 22a,22b}}$, A. Valero${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 170}}$, L. Valéry${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 13}}$, S. Valkar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 131}}$, A. Vallier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 5}}$, J.A. Valls Ferrer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 170}}$, W. Van Den Wollenberg${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, H. van der Graaf${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, N. van Eldik${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 154}}$, P. van Gemmeren${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 6}}$, J. Van Nieuwkoop${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 144}}$, I. van Vulpen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, M.C. van Woerden${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, M. Vanadia${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134a,134b}}$, W. Vandelli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, R. Vanguri${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 124}}$, A. Vaniachine${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 160}}$, P. Vankov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, G. Vardanyan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 180}}$, R. Vari${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134a}}$, E.W. Varnes${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, C. Varni${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53a,53b}}$, T. Varol${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 43}}$, D. Varouchas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, A. Vartapetian${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 8}}$, K.E. Varvell${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 152}}$, J.G. Vasquez${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 179}}$, G.A. Vasquez${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34b}}$, F. Vazeille${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 37}}$, T. Vazquez Schroeder${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 90}}$, J. Veatch${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, V. Veeraraghavan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, L.M. Veloce${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 161}}$, F. Veloso${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 128a,128c}}$, S. Veneziano${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134a}}$, A. Ventura${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 76a,76b}}$, M. Venturi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 172}}$, N. Venturi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 161}}$, A. Venturini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, V. Vercesi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123a}}$, M. Verducci${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 136a,136b}}$, W. Verkerke${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, J.C. Vermeulen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, M.C. Vetterli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 144}}$,d, N. Viaux Maira${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34b}}$, O. Viazlo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$, I. Vichou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 169}}$,∗, T. Vickey${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, O.E. Vickey Boeriu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, G.H.A. Viehhauser${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, S. Viel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, L. Vigani${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, M. Villa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 22a,22b}}$, M. Villaplana Perez${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 94a,94b}}$, E. Vilucchi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 50}}$, M.G. Vincter${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 31}}$, V.B. Vinogradov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, A. Vishwakarma${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, C. Vittori${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 22a,22b}}$, I. Vivarelli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 151}}$, S. Vlachos${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 10}}$, M. Vlasak${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 130}}$, M. Vogel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 178}}$, P. Vokac${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 130}}$, G. Volpi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126a,126b}}$, M. Volpi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, H. von der Schmitt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, E. von Toerne${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, V. Vorobel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 131}}$, K. Vorobev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, M. Vos${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 170}}$, R. Voss${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, J.H. Vossebeld${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 77}}$, N. Vranjes${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 14}}$, M. Vranjes Milosavljevic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 14}}$, V. Vrba${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 130}}$, M. Vreeswijk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, R. Vuillermet${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, I. Vukotic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, P. Wagner${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, W. Wagner${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 178}}$, H. Wahlberg${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 74}}$, S. Wahrmund${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 47}}$, J. Wakabayashi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 105}}$, J. Walder${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 75}}$, R. Walker${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, W. Walkowiak${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 143}}$, V. Wallangen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 148a,148b}}$, C. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35b}}$, C. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36b}}$,av, F. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 176}}$, H. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, H. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 3}}$, J. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, J. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 152}}$, Q. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 115}}$, R. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 6}}$, S.M. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 153}}$, T. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 38}}$, W. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 153}}$,aw, W. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36a}}$, Z. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36c}}$, C. Wanotayaroj${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 118}}$, A. Warburton${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 90}}$, C.P. Ward${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 30}}$, D.R. Wardrope${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, A. Washbrook${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 49}}$, P.M. Watkins${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 19}}$, A.T. Watson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 19}}$, M.F. Watson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 19}}$, G. Watts${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, S. Watts${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, B.M. Waugh${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, A.F. Webb${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 11}}$, S. Webb${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, M.S. Weber${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 18}}$, S.W. Weber${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 177}}$, S.A. Weber${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 31}}$, J.S. Webster${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 6}}$, A.R. Weidberg${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, B. Weinert${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 64}}$, J. Weingarten${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, C. Weiser${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, H. Weits${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, P.S. Wells${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, T. Wenaus${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, T. Wengler${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, S. Wenig${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, N. Wermes${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, M.D. Werner${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 67}}$, P. Werner${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, M. Wessels${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60a}}$, K. Whalen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 118}}$, N.L. Whallon${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, A.M. Wharton${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 75}}$, A. White${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 8}}$, M.J. White${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 1}}$, R. White${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34b}}$, D. Whiteson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 166}}$, F.J. Wickens${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, W. Wiedenmann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 176}}$, M. Wielers${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, C. Wiglesworth${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 39}}$, L.A.M. Wiik-Fuchs${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, A. Wildauer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, F. Wilk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, H.G. Wilkens${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, H.H. Williams${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 124}}$, S. Williams${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, C. Willis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, S. Willocq${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 89}}$, J.A. Wilson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 19}}$, I. Wingerter-Seez${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 5}}$, F. Winklmeier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 118}}$, O.J. Winston${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 151}}$, B.T. Winter${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, M. Wittgen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 145}}$, M. Wobisch${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 82}}$,u, T.M.H. Wolf${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, R. Wolff${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, M.W. Wolter${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 42}}$, H. Wolters${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 128a,128c}}$, S.D. Worm${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 19}}$, B.K. Wosiek${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 42}}$, J. Wotschack${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, M.J. Woudstra${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, K.W. Wozniak${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 42}}$, M. Wu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, S.L. Wu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 176}}$, X. Wu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, Y. Wu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 92}}$, T.R. Wyatt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, B.M. Wynne${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 49}}$, S. Xella${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 39}}$, Z. Xi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 92}}$, L. Xia${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35c}}$, D. Xu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35a}}$, L. Xu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, B. Yabsley${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 152}}$, S. Yacoob${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 147a}}$, D. Yamaguchi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 159}}$, Y. Yamaguchi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 120}}$, A. Yamamoto${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, S. Yamamoto${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, T. Yamanaka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 157}}$, K. Yamauchi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 105}}$, Y. Yamazaki${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 70}}$, Z. Yan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 24}}$, H. Yang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36c}}$, H. Yang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, Y. Yang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 153}}$, Z. Yang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 15}}$, W-M. Yao${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, Y.C. Yap${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, Y. Yasu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, E. Yatsenko${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 5}}$, K.H. Yau Wong${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, J. Ye${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 43}}$, S. Ye${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, I. Yeletskikh${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, E. Yigitbasi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 24}}$, E. Yildirim${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, K. Yorita${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 174}}$, K. Yoshihara${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 124}}$, C. Young${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 145}}$, C.J.S. Young${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, S. Youssef${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 24}}$, D.R. Yu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 16}}$, J. Yu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 8}}$, J. Yu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 67}}$, L. Yuan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 70}}$, S.P.Y. Yuen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, I. Yusuff${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 30}}$,ax, B. Zabinski${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 42}}$, G. Zacharis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 10}}$, R. Zaidan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 13}}$, A.M. Zaitsev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$,aj, N. Zakharchuk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, J. Zalieckas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 15}}$, A. Zaman${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 150}}$, S. Zambito${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 59}}$, D. Zanzi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, C. Zeitnitz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 178}}$, M. Zeman${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 130}}$, A. Zemla${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 41a}}$, J.C. Zeng${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 169}}$, Q. Zeng${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 145}}$, O. Zenin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$, T. Ženiš${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 146a}}$, D. Zerwas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, D. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 92}}$, F. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 176}}$, G. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36a}}$,aq, H. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35b}}$, J. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 6}}$, L. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, L. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36a}}$, M. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 169}}$, R. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, R. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36a}}$,av, X. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36b}}$, Y. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35a}}$, Z. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, X. Zhao${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 43}}$, Y. Zhao${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36b}}$,ay, Z. Zhao${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36a}}$, A. Zhemchugov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, J. Zhong${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, B. Zhou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 92}}$, C. Zhou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 176}}$, L. Zhou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 43}}$, M. Zhou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35a}}$, M. Zhou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 150}}$, N. Zhou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35c}}$, C.G. Zhu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36b}}$, H. Zhu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35a}}$, J. Zhu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 92}}$, Y. Zhu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36a}}$, X. Zhuang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35a}}$, K. Zhukov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 98}}$, A. Zibell${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 177}}$, D. Zieminska${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 64}}$, N.I. Zimine${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, C. Zimmermann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, S. Zimmermann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, Z. Zinonos${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, M. Zinser${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 86}}$, M. Ziolkowski${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 143}}$, L. Živković${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 14}}$, G. Zobernig${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 176}}$, A. Zoccoli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 22a,22b}}$, R. Zou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, M. zur Nedden${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 17}}$, L. Zwalinski${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$.

1 Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

2 Physics Department, SUNY Albany, Albany NY, United States of America

3 Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada

4 (a) Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara; (b) Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul; (c) Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey

5 LAPP, CNRS/IN2P3 and Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Annecy-le-Vieux, France

6 High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL, United States of America

7 Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ, United States of America

8 Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX, United States of America

9 Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

10 Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece

11 Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, United States of America

12 Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan

13 Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain

14 Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

15 Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

16 Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley CA, United States of America

17 Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany

18 Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

19 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

20 (a) Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul; (b) Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep; (d) Istanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul,Turkey; (e) Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey, Turkey

21 Centro de Investigaciones, Universidad Antonio Narino, Bogota, Colombia

22 (a) INFN Sezione di Bologna; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

23 Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

24 Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston MA, United States of America

25 Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham MA, United States of America

26 (a) Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro; (b) Electrical Circuits Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora; (c) Federal University of Sao Joao del Rei (UFSJ), Sao Joao del Rei; (d) Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

27 Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY, United States of America

28 (a) Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania; (b) Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest; (c) Department of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania; (d) National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Physics Department, Cluj Napoca; (e) University Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest; (f) West University in Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania

29 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

30 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

31 Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa ON, Canada

32 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

33 Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, United States of America

34 (a) Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago; (b) Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile

35 (a) Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; (b) Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Jiangsu; (c) Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

36 (a) Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui; (b) School of Physics, Shandong University, Shandong; (c) Department of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory for Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology, Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai(also at PKU-CHEP);, China

37 Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France

38 Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington NY, United States of America

39 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark

40 (a) INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy

41 (a) AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow; (b) Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland

42 Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland

43 Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX, United States of America

44 Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX, United States of America

45 DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen, Germany

46 Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik IV, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

47 Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

48 Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham NC, United States of America

49 SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

50 INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy

51 Fakultät für Mathematik und Physik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany

52 Departement de Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland

53 (a) INFN Sezione di Genova; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy

54 (a) E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi; (b) High Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia

55 II Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany

56 SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

57 II Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany

58 Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France

59 Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, United States of America

60 (a) Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; (b) Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; (c) ZITI Institut für technische Informatik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany

61 Faculty of Applied Information Science, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan

62 (a) Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong; (b) Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (c) Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China

63 Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, Taiwan

64 Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, United States of America

65 Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck, Austria

66 University of Iowa, Iowa City IA, United States of America

67 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames IA, United States of America

68 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR Dubna, Dubna, Russia

69 KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan

70 Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

71 Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

72 Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto, Japan

73 Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

74 Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina

75 Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom

76 (a) INFN Sezione di Lecce; (b) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy

77 Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

78 Department of Experimental Particle Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

79 School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

80 Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom

81 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom

82 Louisiana Tech University, Ruston LA, United States of America

83 Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, UPMC and Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France

84 Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund, Sweden

85 Departamento de Fisica Teorica C-15, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

86 Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany

87 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

88 CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France

89 Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA, United States of America

90 Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada

91 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

92 Department of Physics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, United States of America

93 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, United States of America

94 (a) INFN Sezione di Milano; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy

95 B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Republic of Belarus

96 Research Institute for Nuclear Problems of Byelorussian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus

97 Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada

98 P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

99 Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia

100 National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia

101 D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

102 Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany

103 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München, Germany

104 Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan

105 Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

106 (a) INFN Sezione di Napoli; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

107 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM, United States of America

108 Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen/Nikhef, Nijmegen, Netherlands

109 Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

110 Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb IL, United States of America

111 Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

112 Department of Physics, New York University, New York NY, United States of America

113 Ohio State University, Columbus OH, United States of America

114 Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan

115 Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK, United States of America

116 Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK, United States of America

117 Palacký University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic

118 Center for High Energy Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene OR, United States of America

119 LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France

120 Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

121 Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

122 Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom

123 (a) INFN Sezione di Pavia; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

124 Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America

125 National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute" B.P.Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia

126 (a) INFN Sezione di Pisa; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy

127 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, United States of America

128 (a) Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP, Lisboa; (b) Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; (c) Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra; (d) Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; (e) Departamento de Fisica, Universidade do Minho, Braga; (f) Departamento de Fisica Teorica y del Cosmos and CAFPE, Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain); (g) Dep Fisica and CEFITEC of Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal

129 Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic

130 Czech Technical University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic

131 Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic

132 State Research Center Institute for High Energy Physics (Protvino), NRC KI, Russia

133 Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom

134 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy

135 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy

136 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma Tre; (b) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy

137 (a) Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Universitaire de Physique des Hautes Energies - Université Hassan II, Casablanca; (b) Centre National de l’Energie des Sciences Techniques Nucleaires, Rabat; (c) Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech; (d) Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier and LPTPM, Oujda; (e) Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco

138 DSM/IRFU (Institut de Recherches sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers), CEA Saclay (Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives), Gif-sur-Yvette, France

139 Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz CA, United States of America

140 Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America

141 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

142 Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan

143 Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany

144 Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC, Canada

145 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford CA, United States of America

146 (a) Faculty of Mathematics, Physics & Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava; (b) Department of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic

147 (a) Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town; (b) Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg; (c) School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

148 (a) Department of Physics, Stockholm University; (b) The Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm, Sweden

149 Physics Department, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

150 Departments of Physics & Astronomy and Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, United States of America

151 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom

152 School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

153 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

154 Department of Physics, Technion: Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

155 Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

156 Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

157 International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

158 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan

159 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

160 Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia, Russia

161 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada

162 (a) INFN-TIFPA; (b) University of Trento, Trento, Italy, Italy

163 (a) TRIUMF, Vancouver BC; (b) Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto ON, Canada

164 Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, and Center for Integrated Research in Fundamental Science and Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

165 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford MA, United States of America

166 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, United States of America

167 (a) INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine; (b) ICTP, Trieste; (c) Dipartimento di Chimica, Fisica e Ambiente, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy

168 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden

169 Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, United States of America

170 Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular (IFIC) and Departamento de Fisica Atomica, Molecular y Nuclear and Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica and Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain

171 Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada

172 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, Canada

173 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

174 Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

175 Department of Particle Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

176 Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, United States of America

177 Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany

178 Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachgruppe Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

179 Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven CT, United States of America

180 Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia

181 CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland

182 Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Villeurbanne, France

a Also at Department of Physics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

b Also at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan

c Also at Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia

d Also at TRIUMF, Vancouver BC, Canada

e Also at Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America

f Also at Physics Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

g Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno CA, United States of America

h Also at Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

i Also at II Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany

j Also at Departament de Fisica de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

k Also at Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Portugal

l Also at Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia, Russia

m Also at The Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter (CICQM), Beijing, China

n Also at Universita di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy

o Also at Institute of Particle Physics (IPP), Canada

p Also at Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania

q Also at Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia

r Also at Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, New York City, United States of America

s Also at Department of Physics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, United States of America

t Also at Centre for High Performance Computing, CSIR Campus, Rosebank, Cape Town, South Africa

u Also at Louisiana Tech University, Ruston LA, United States of America

v Also at Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, ICREA, Barcelona, Spain

w Also at Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

x Also at Fakultät für Mathematik und Physik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany

y Also at Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen/Nikhef, Nijmegen, Netherlands

z Also at Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, United States of America

aa Also at Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia

ab Also at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

ac Also at Georgian Technical University (GTU),Tbilisi, Georgia

ad Also at Ochadai Academic Production, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan

ae Also at Manhattan College, New York NY, United States of America

af Also at Academia Sinica Grid Computing, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

ag Also at School of Physics, Shandong University, Shandong, China

ah Also at Departamento de Fisica Teorica y del Cosmos and CAFPE, Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain), Portugal

ai Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Sacramento CA, United States of America

aj Also at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology State University, Dolgoprudny, Russia

ak Also at Departement de Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland

al Also at International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy

am Also at Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain

an Also at School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

ao Also at Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (INRNE) of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria

ap Also at Faculty of Physics, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

aq Also at Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

ar Also at National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia

as Also at Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford CA, United States of America

at Also at Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary

au Also at Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, Turkey

av Also at CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France

aw Also at Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, China

ax Also at University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

ay Also at LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France

∗ Deceased