# Inhomogeneous preferential concentration of inertial particles in turbulent channel flow

## TL;DR

This paper extends the theory of inertial particle clustering from homogeneous to inhomogeneous turbulent flows, specifically in channel flows, revealing how flow inhomogeneity enhances particle clustering.

## Contribution

It develops a new theoretical framework for particle clustering in inhomogeneous turbulence and validates it with direct numerical simulations in turbulent channel flow.

## Key findings

- Inhomogeneity significantly increases particle clustering.
- Clustering is strongest near the viscous sublayer and buffer layer.
- Inhomogeneous effects can amplify clustering compared to homogeneous turbulence.

## Abstract

Turbophoresis leading to preferential concentration of inertial particles in regions of low turbulent diffusivity is a unique feature of inhomogeneous turbulent flows, such as free shear flows or wall-bounded flows. In this work, the theory for clustering of weakly inertial particles in homogeneous turbulence is extended to the inhomogeneous case of a turbulent channel flow. The inhomogeneity contributes to the cluster formation in addition to clustering in homogeneous turbulence. A space-dependent rate for the creation of inhomogeneous particle concentration is derived in terms of local statistics of turbulence. We provide the formula for the pair-correlation function of concentration that factorizes in product of time and space-dependent average concentrations and time-independent factor of clustering that obeys a power-law in the distance between the points. This power-law characterizes inhomogeneous multifractality of the particle distribution. A unique demonstration and quantification of the combined effects of turbophoresis and fractal clustering in a direct numerical simulation of particle motion in a turbulent channel flow is performed according to the presented theory. The strongest contribution to clustering coming from the inhomogeneity of the flow occurs in the transitional region between viscous sublayer and the buffer layer. Further the ratio of homogeneous and inhomogeneous term depends on the wall distance. The inhomogeneous terms may significantly increase the preferential concentration of inertial particles, thus the overall degree of clustering in inhomogeneous turbulence is potentially stronger compared to particles with the same inertia in purely homogeneous turbulence.