# The gravitational energy-momentum pseudo-tensor of Higher-Order Theories of Gravity

## TL;DR

This paper derives a pseudo-tensor for gravitational energy-momentum in higher-order gravity theories, analyzing its properties, weak field limit, and gravitational wave energy flux, to explore beyond-standard gravitational radiation modes.

## Contribution

It provides a general derivation of the gravitational energy-momentum pseudo-tensor for arbitrary order Lagrangians in gravity, including nonlocal terms, and analyzes its properties and implications.

## Key findings

- Pseudo-tensor is generally affine, not covariant.
- Derived in the weak field limit up to second order in perturbations.
- Calculated gravitational wave energy flux in specific gauges.

## Abstract

We derive the gravitational energy momentum tensor $\tau^{\eta}_{\alpha}$ for a general Lagrangian of any order $L=L\left(g_{\mu\nu}, g_{\mu\nu,i_{1}}, g_{\mu\nu,i_{1}i_{2}},g_{\mu\nu,i_{1}i_{2}i_{3}},\cdots, g_{\mu\nu,i_{1}i_{2}i_{3}\cdots i_{n}}\right)$ and in particular for a Lagrangian such as $L_{g}=(\overline{R}+a_{0}R^{2}+\sum_{k=1}^{p} a_{k}R\Box^{k}R)\sqrt{-g}$. We prove that this tensor, in general, is not covariant but only affine, then it is a pseudo-tensor. Furthermore, the pseudo-tensor $\tau^{\eta}_{\alpha}$ is calculated in the weak field limit up to a first non-vanishing term of order $h^{2}$ where $h$ is the metric perturbation. The average value of the pseudo-tensor over a suitable spacetime domain is obtained. Finally we calculate the power per unit solid angle $\Omega$ carried by a gravitational wave in a direction $\hat{x}$ for a fixed wave number $\mathbf{k}$ under a suitable gauge. These results are useful in view of searching for further modes of gravitational radiation beyond the standard two modes of General Relativity and to deal with nonlocal theories of gravity where terms involving $\Box R$ are present. The general aim of the approach is to deal with theories of any order under the same standard of Landau pseudo-tensor.