K$^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ meson production at high transverse momentum in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV

TL;DR

This study measures K* and phi meson production in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV, revealing suppression patterns and radial flow effects, and compares results to model predictions to understand medium effects in heavy-ion collisions.

Contribution

First detailed measurement of K* and phi meson spectra at high transverse momentum in Pb-Pb collisions at LHC energies, highlighting medium-induced suppression and flow effects.

Findings

K*/K ratio decreases in central Pb-Pb collisions, indicating rescattering effects.

Enhanced phi/pi and K*/pi ratios at intermediate pT in Pb-Pb, consistent with radial flow.

High pT suppression similar across different particle species, independent of mass or flavor.

Abstract

The production of K$^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ mesons in proton-proton (pp) and lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} =$ 2.76 TeV has been analyzed using a high luminosity data sample accumulated in 2011 with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Transverse momentum ($p_{\mathrm{T}}$) spectra have been measured for K$^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ mesons via their hadronic decay channels for $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ up to 20 GeV/$c$. The measurements in pp collisions have been compared to model calculations and used to determine the nuclear modification factor and particle ratios. The K$^{*}(892)^{0}$/K ratio exhibits significant reduction from pp to central Pb-Pb collisions, consistent with the suppression of the K$^{*}(892)^{0}$ yield at low $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ due to rescattering of its decay products in the hadronic phase. In central Pb-Pb collisions the $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ dependent $\phi(1020)/\pi$ and K$^{*}(892)^{0}$/$\pi$ ratios show an enhancement over pp collisions for $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\sim$3 GeV/$c$, consistent with previous observations of strong radial flow. At high $p_{\mathrm{T}}$, particle ratios in Pb-Pb collisions are similar to those measured in pp collisions. In central Pb-Pb collisions, the production of K$^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ mesons is suppressed for $p_{\mathrm{T}}> 8$ GeV/$c$. This suppression is similar to that of charged pions, kaons and protons, indicating that the suppression does not depend on particle mass or flavor in the light quark sector.

Tables

Table 1. Table 1: Summary of different trigger selected data sets and number of events analyzed in pp and Pb–Pb collisions at s NN subscript 𝑠 NN \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 2.76 TeV.

Centrality	Events	Year	Data Set
0–10$\%$	2.0 $\times$ ${10}^7$	2011	Pb–Pb
10–50$\%$	1.8 $\times$ ${10}^7$	2011	Pb–Pb
0–80$\%$	6.0 $\times$ ${10}^5$	2011	Pb–Pb
MB	3.0 $\times$ ${10}^7$	2011	pp

Table 2. Table 2: Systematic uncertainties in the measurement of K ∗0 and ϕ italic-ϕ \phi yields in pp and Pb–Pb collisions at s NN subscript 𝑠 NN \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 2.76 TeV. The global tracking uncertainty is p T subscript 𝑝 T p_{\mathrm{T}} -independent, while the other single valued systematic uncertainties are averaged over p T subscript 𝑝 T p_{\mathrm{T}} . The values given in ranges are minimum and maximum uncertainties depending on p T subscript 𝑝 T p_{\mathrm{T}} and centrality class. The normalization uncertainty, which is due to uncertainties in the boundaries of the centrality percentiles, are taken from  [ 32 ] .

	Pb–Pb			pp
Systematic variation	K∗0	$\varphi$		K∗0	$\varphi$
Global tracking efficiency	10	10		8	8
Track selection	3-6	3-5		3	3
Particle identification	4.0	6.2		3.7	1-4
Material budget	$<$1	$<$1		0-3.3	0-3.3
Yield extraction	4-15	3.5-13		2.5-14	2-13
Total	12-19	13-18		10-18	9-16

Table 3. Table 3: The values of d N 𝑁 N /d y 𝑦 y , ratio to K -   [ 32 ] and ⟨ p T ⟩ delimited-⟨⟩ subscript 𝑝 T \langle{p_{\mathrm{T}}}\rangle are presented for different centrality classes in Pb–Pb collisions and inelastic pp collisions. In each entry, the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic, excluding the normalization uncertainty. Where a third uncertainty is given, it is the normalization uncertainty and the value in the parentheses corresponds to uncorrelated part of the systematic uncertainty.

	K∗0 (Pb–Pb $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV
Centrality ($\%$)	d$N$/d$y$	K∗0/K-	$⟨p_T⟩$ (GeV/$c$)
0–5	19.56 $\pm$ 0.93 $\pm$ 2.48 $\pm$ 0.097	0.180 $\pm$ 0.008 $\pm$ 0.026 (0.023)	1.310 $\pm$ 0.023 $\pm$ 0.055
5–10	16.71 $\pm$ 0.65 $\pm$ 2.08 $\pm$ 0.083	0.186 $\pm$ 0.007 $\pm$ 0.026 (0.024)	1.252 $\pm$ 0.023 $\pm$ 0.055
10–20	13.65 $\pm$ 0.63 $\pm$ 1.84 $\pm$ 0.009	0.200 $\pm$ 0.009 $\pm$ 0.026 (0.023)	1.360 $\pm$ 0.026 $\pm$ 0.053
20–30	10.37 $\pm$ 0.50 $\pm$ 1.38 $\pm$ 0.010	0.225 $\pm$ 0.011 $\pm$ 0.025 (0.023)	1.322 $\pm$ 0.028 $\pm$ 0.053
30–40	7.35 $\pm$ 0.28 $\pm$ 0.97 $\pm$ 0.146	0.245 $\pm$ 0.009 $\pm$ 0.025 (0.021)	1.254 $\pm$ 0.023 $\pm$ 0.050
40–50	4.66 $\pm$ 0.20 $\pm$ 0.65 $\pm$ 0.111	0.258 $\pm$ 0.011 $\pm$ 0.025 (0.022)	1.220 $\pm$ 0.025 $\pm$ 0.050
	K∗0 (pp $\sqrt{s}$ = 2.76 TeV)
Inelastic (INEL)	0.0705 $\pm$ 0.0007 $\pm$ 0.009	0.307$\pm$ 0.003 $\pm$ 0.043	0.950 $\pm$ 0.005 $\pm$ 0.026
	$\varphi$ (pp $\sqrt{s}$ = 2.76 TeV)
	d$N$/d$y$	$\varphi$/K-	$⟨p_T⟩$ (GeV/$c$)
Inelastic (INEL)	0.0260 $\pm$ 0.0004 $\pm$ 0.003	0.113 $\pm$ 0.001 $\pm$ 0.013	1.04 $\pm$ 0.01 $\pm$ 0.09

Equations

$$R_{\mathrm{AA}}=\frac{1}{⟨T_{\mathrm{AA}}⟩}\times \frac{({\mathrm{d}}^{2}N/\mathrm{d}y\mathrm{d}{p}_T{)}_{\mathrm{AA}}}{({\mathrm{d}}^2\sigma /\mathrm{d}y\mathrm{d}{p}_T{)}_{\mathrm{pp}}},$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}N}{\mathrm{d}{m}_{\pi \mathrm{K}}}=\frac{Y}{2\pi }\times \frac{{\Gamma }_0}{(m_{\pi \mathrm{K}}-M_0{)}^2+\frac{{\Gamma }_0^2}{4}}+(A{m}_{\pi \mathrm{K}}^2+B{m}_{\pi \mathrm{K}}+C),$$

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}N}{\mathrm{d}m_{\mathrm{KK}}}=\frac{Y\Gamma_{0}}{(2\pi^{3/2})\sigma}\times\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\mathrm{exp}\Bigg{(}\frac{(m_{\mathrm{KK}}-m^{\prime})^{2}}{2\sigma^{2}}\Bigg{)}\frac{1}{(m^{\prime}-M_{0})^{2}+\frac{\Gamma_{0}^{2}}{4}}\mathrm{d}m^{\prime}+(Am_{\mathrm{KK}}^{2}+Bm_{\mathrm{KK}}+C),$$

$$\frac{1}{2\pi p_{\mathrm{T}}}\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}N}{\mathrm{d}y\mathrm{d}{p}_{\mathrm{T}}}=\frac{1}{2\pi p_{\mathrm{T}}}\times \frac{1}{N_{\mathrm{ev}}}\times \frac{N^{\mathrm{raw}}}{\mathrm{d}y\mathrm{d}{p}_{\mathrm{T}}}\times \frac{{ϵ}_{\mathrm{trigger}}}{A\times {ϵ}_{\mathrm{rec}}\times BR\times {ϵ}_{\mathrm{vertex}}}$$

Full text

\PHyear2017 \PHnumber010 \PHdate19 January

\ShortTitleK${}^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ meson production at high-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ \CollaborationALICE Collaboration††thanks: See Appendix A for the list of collaboration members \ShortAuthorALICE Collaboration

The production of K${}^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ mesons in proton-proton (pp) and lead-lead (Pb–Pb) collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=$ 2.76 TeV has been analyzed using a high luminosity data sample accumulated in 2011 with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Transverse momentum ($p_{\mathrm{T}}$) spectra have been measured for K${}^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ mesons via their hadronic decay channels for $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ up to 20 GeV/$c$. The measurements in pp collisions have been compared to model calculations and used to determine the nuclear modification factor and particle ratios. The K${}^{*}(892)^{0}$/K ratio exhibits significant reduction from pp to central Pb–Pb collisions, consistent with the suppression of the K${}^{*}(892)^{0}$ yield at low $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ due to rescattering of its decay products in the hadronic phase. In central Pb–Pb collisions the $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ dependent $\phi(1020)/\pi$ and K${}^{*}(892)^{0}$/$\pi$ ratios show an enhancement over pp collisions for $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\sim$3 GeV/$c$, consistent with previous observations of strong radial flow. At high $p_{\mathrm{T}}$, particle ratios in Pb–Pb collisions are similar to those measured in pp collisions. In central Pb–Pb collisions, the production of K${}^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ mesons is suppressed for $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textgreater$ 8 GeV/$c$. This suppression is similar to that of charged pions, kaons and protons, indicating that the suppression does not depend on particle mass or flavor in the light quark sector.

1 Introduction

It has been established that hot and dense strongly interacting matter, often described as a strongly-coupled quark-gluon plasma (sQGP) [1, 2, 3], is produced in heavy-ion collisions at ultrarelativistic energies. The properties of this matter are characterized, among others, by the energy loss of partons traversing the dense color-charged medium, which manifests itself via suppression of hadrons with high transverse momentum in central Pb–Pb collisions. The hadrons that contain light (up, down and strange) valence quarks exhibit a similar suppression as particles containing heavy quarks (charm) both at RHIC [4, 5] and at the LHC [6, 7]. The apparent particle species independence of high-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ hadron suppression is a challenge for models [8, 9, 10]. Since K${}^{*}(892)^{0}$ (d$\mathrm{\bar{s}}$), $\mathrm{\overline{K}}^{*}(892)^{0}$ ($\mathrm{\bar{d}}$s) and $\phi(1020)$ (s$\mathrm{\bar{s}}$) contain strange (or anti-strange) quarks, they are used here for a systematic study of the particle species dependence of the partonic energy loss in the medium. Moreover, the measurements of high-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ differential yields can be used to test perturbative QCD inspired model calculations.

The system produced in heavy-ion collisions evolves through different stages, with a transition from partonic to hadronic matter around a temperature Tc $\approx$ 156 MeV [11, 12, 13]. The K${}^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ life times in vacuum are 4.16 $\pm$ 0.05 fm/$c$ and 46.3 $\pm$ 0.4 fm/$c$, respectively [14]. Due to their short life times, resonances can be used to probe the system at different timescales during its evolution and have been proven to be very useful in exploring various aspects of heavy-ion collisions [15]. Yields of resonances measured via hadronic decay channels can be affected by particle rescattering and regeneration in the hadron gas phase. The momentum dependence of rescattering and regeneration may also modify the observed momentum distributions of the reconstructed resonances.

Resonances like K${}^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ can also contribute to a systematic study of the enhancement of baryon-to-meson ratios (e.g., p/$\pi$ and $\Lambda/\mathrm{K}^{0}_{\mathrm{S}}$ [16, 17]) at intermediate $p_{\mathrm{T}}$. Recombination models suggest that the number of constituent quarks of the hadrons determine the enhancement, while hydrodynamic models explain this on the basis of differences in the hadron masses leading to different radial flow patterns. The K${}^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ mesons, which have masses very close to that of a proton, are well suited for testing the underlying hadron production mechanisms.

In this paper, K${}^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ meson production in pp and Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV is studied. We have previously published measurements of K${}^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ meson production for $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$ 5 GeV/$c$ in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV [18] using data recorded in 2010. The high luminosity data taken by ALICE in 2011 allow statistically improved signal measurements. The spectra have been measured in the range 0 $\textless$ $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$ 15 GeV/$c$ (0.4 $\textless$ $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$ 21 GeV/$c$) in minimum bias pp collisions and 0.3 $\textless$ $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$ 20 GeV/$c$ (0.5 $\textless$ $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$ 21 GeV/$c$) in Pb–Pb collisions in six (seven) centrality classes for K${}^{*}(892)^{0}$ ($\phi(1020)$). This new data set also allowed the measurement of K${}^{*}(892)^{0}$ in finer centrality intervals in central and semi-central Pb–Pb collisions to study hadron production mechanisms at low, intermediate and high $p_{\mathrm{T}}$. The new measurements of K${}^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ meson production in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 2.76 TeV are used to calculate particle ratios and also to test various perturbative QCD inspired event generators.

The nuclear modification factor ($R_{\mathrm{AA}}$) is defined as the yield of particles in heavy-ion collisions relative to that in elementary pp collisions, scaled with the average nuclear overlap function.

[TABLE]

where $\langle T_{\mathrm{AA}}\rangle$ = $\langle N_{\mathrm{coll}}\rangle$ / $\sigma_{\mathrm{inel}}$ is the average nuclear overlap function, $\langle N_{\mathrm{coll}}\rangle$ is the average number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions calculated using MC Glauber [19] simulations and $\sigma_{\mathrm{inel}}$ is the inelastic pp cross section  [20].

Throughout this paper, the results for K${}^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\mathrm{\overline{K}}^{*}(892)^{0}$ are averaged and denoted by the symbol K*∗0* and $\phi(1020)$ is denoted by $\phi$ unless specified otherwise. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the data analysis techniques. Section 3 presents results including K*∗0* and $\phi$ meson $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ spectra, ratios to different hadrons and nuclear modification factors. A summary is given in Section 4.

2 Data analysis

New measurements of K*∗0* and $\phi$ meson production have been performed on data taken with the ALICE detector in the year 2011. The resonances are reconstructed via hadronic decay channels with large branching ratios (BR): K${}^{*0}\rightarrow\pi^{\pm}\mathrm{K}^{\mp}$ with BR 66.6$\%$ and $\phi\rightarrow\mathrm{K}^{+}\mathrm{K}^{-}$ with BR 48.9$\%$ [14]. For both K*∗0* and $\phi$, the measurements are performed in six common centrality classes, 0–5$\%$, 5–10$\%$, 10–20$\%$, 20–30$\%$, 30–40$\%$, 40–50$\%$. The peripheral centrality class 60–80$\%$ is also measured for $\phi$ only.

2.1 Event and track selection

The data in pp collisions were collected in 2011 using a minimum bias (MB) trigger, requiring at least one hit in any of V0-A, V0-C, and Silicon Pixel Detectors (SPD), in coincidence with the presence of an LHC bunch crossing [21, 22]. The ALICE V0 are small-angle plastic scintillator detectors placed on either side of the collision vertex, covering the pseudorapidity ranges 2.8 $<$ $\eta$ $<$ 5.1 (V0-A) and –3.7 $<$ $\eta$ $<$ –1.7 (V0-C). The two SPD layers , which cover $|\eta|$ $<$ 2.0, are the innermost part of the the Inner Tracking System (ITS), composed of six layers of silicon detector placed radially between 3.9 and 43 cm around the beam pipe. During the high luminosity Pb–Pb run in 2011, V0 online triggers are used to enhance central 0–10$\%$, semicentral 10–50$\%$ and select MB (0–80$\%$) events. The trigger was 100$\%$ efficient for the 0–8$\%$ most central Pb–Pb collisions and 80$\%$ efficient for centrality 8–10$\%$ [23]. The inefficiency for the 8–10$\%$ range has a negligible ($<$1$\%$) effect on the results presented in this paper. The numbers of events after event selections is summarized in Table 1.

A detailed description of the ALICE detector is given in Refs. [24, 25, 26]. The ALICE Inner Tracking System (ITS) and the Time Projection Chamber (TPC), are used for tracking and reconstruction of the primary vertex. Events are required to have the primary vertex coordinate along the beam axis ($v_{\mathrm{z}}$) within 10 cm from the nominal interaction point. Tracks in the TPC are selected for both K*∗0* and $\phi$ reconstruction with the requirement of at least 70 TPC pad rows measured along the track out of a maximum possible 159. The TPC covers the pseudorapidity range $|\eta|$ $\textless$ 0.9 with full azimuthal acceptance. To ensure a uniform acceptance, the tracks are selected within $|\eta|$ $\textless$ 0.8. The data sample for the pp analysis is chosen to have minimal pileup; Pb–Pb collisions have negligible pileup. In order to reduce contamination from beam-background events and secondary particles coming from weak decays, cuts on the distance of closest approach to the primary vertex in the $xy$ plane (DCAxy) and $z$ direction (DCAz) are applied. The value of DCAxy is required to be less than 7 times its resolution: (DCAxy($p_{\mathrm{T}})$ $\textless$ 0.0105 + 0.035$p_{\mathrm{T}}^{-1.1}$) cm ($p_{\mathrm{T}}$ in GeV/$c$) and DCAz, is required to be less than 2 cm. The $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ of each track is restricted to be greater than 0.15 GeV/$c$ for K*∗0* in pp and Pb–Pb collisions and for $\phi$ in pp collisions. For $\phi$ in Pb–Pb collisions the track $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ was required to be $>$ 0.75 GeV/$c$ for the 0–5$\%$ centrality class and $>$ 0.5 GeV/$c$ otherwise. The higher $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ cut for the $\phi$ analysis without particle identification (PID) was needed to improve the signal-to-background ratio at low momentum.

The TPC has been used to identify charged particles by measuring the specific ionization energy loss (d$E$/d$x$). For K*∗0* reconstruction, both in pp and Pb–Pb collisions, pion and kaon candidates are required to have mean values of the specific energy loss in the TPC ($\langle$d$E$/d$x\rangle$) within two standard deviations ($2\sigma_{\mathrm{TPC}}$) of the expected d$E$/d$x$ values for each particle species over all momenta. In the case of $\phi$ meson reconstruction, two PID selection criteria depending on the $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ of the $\phi$ meson are used. In both pp and Pb–Pb collisions the narrow $\phi$ signal is extracted from the unidentified two-particle invariant-mass distribution for $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textgreater$ 1 GeV/$c$. In pp collisions the production of the $\phi$ meson is additionally measured with a $2\sigma_{\mathrm{TPC}}$ restriction on $\langle$d$E$/d$x\rangle$ for 0.4 $\textless$ $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$ 5 GeV/$c$. The spectra measured without PID in Pb–Pb collisions are comparable with the published 2010 results [18] obtained with PID. Measurements with and without PID are found to be in good agreement for both collision systems in the overlap region (1 $\textless$ $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$ 5 GeV/$c$). The $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ spectra in this paper are combinations of results obtained with PID at low momentum ($p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$ 3 GeV/$c$) and results obtained without PID for higher $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ in both pp and Pb–Pb collisions.

2.2 Yield extraction

The K*∗0* ($\phi$) is reconstructed through its dominant hadronic decay channel by calculating the invariant-mass of its daughters at the primary vertex. The invariant-mass distribution of the daughter pairs is constructed using all unlike-sign pairs of charged K candidates with oppositely charged $\pi$ (K) candidates for K*∗0* ($\phi$). The rapidity of $\pi$K and KK pairs is required to lie within the range $|y_{\mathrm{pair}}|$ $\textless$ 0.5.

The signal extraction follows the procedure of the already published analysis [18]. The combinatorial background is estimated using the event mixing technique by pairing decay daughter candidates from two different events with similar primary vertex positions ($v_{\mathrm{z}}$) and centrality percentiles in Pb–Pb collisions. For the K*∗0* analysis, the difference in the event plane angles between two events is required to be less than 30*∘*. The Pb–Pb data sample is divided into 10 bins in centrality percentiles and 20 bins in $v_{\mathrm{z}}$. Each event is mixed with 5 other similar events for both $\pi$K and KK. For event mixing in pp collisions, the binning takes into account the multiplicity of charged particles measured using the TPC. The total multiplicity and $v_{\mathrm{z}}$ are divided in 10 bins each for both $\pi$K and KK. These requirements ensure that the mixed events have similar features, so the invariant-mass distribution from the event mixing can better reproduce the combinatorial background.

In Fig. 1 (Fig. 2), panels (a) and (c) show the $\pi^{\mp}$K*±* (K*+K-) invariant-mass distributions from the same event and mixed events for 0.6 $\textless$ $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$ 0.9 GeV/$c$ (0.5 $\textless$ $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$ 0.8 GeV/$c$) in minimum bias pp collisions and 10 $\textless$ $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$ 15 GeV/$c$ (10 $\textless$ $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$ 13 GeV/$c$) in 0–5$\%$ central Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV. The mixed event distribution is normalized to the same event distribution in the invariant-mass region of 1.1 to 1.3 GeV/$c^{2}$ (1.04 to 1.06 GeV/$c^{2}$), which is away from the signal peaks. The $\pi^{\mp}$K±* (K*+K-) invariant-mass distributions after mixed event background subtraction are shown in panels (b) and (d) of Fig. 1 (Fig. 2), where the signals are observed on top of a residual background. The residual background is due to correlated $\pi$K or KK pairs emitted within jets and from mis-reconstructed hadronic decays [18]. The shape of the residual background is studied by means of Monte Carlo simulations. It exhibits a smooth dependence on mass and a second order polynomial is found to be a suitable function to describe the residual background for both K∗0* and $\phi$.

For each $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ interval and collision centrality class, the invariant-mass distribution is fitted with the sum of a peak fit function and a second-order polynomial to account for the residual background. The $\pi$K distribution signal peak is parametrized with a Breit-Wigner function. The fit function for K*∗0* is

[TABLE]

where $M_{\mathrm{0}}$ is the reconstructed mass of K*∗0*, $\Gamma_{\mathrm{0}}$ is the resonance width fixed to the value in vacuum [14] and $Y$ is yield of the K*∗0* meson. The mass resolution of the K*∗0* is negligible compared to its width (47.4 $\pm$ 0.6 MeV/$c^{2}$) and is therefore not included in the K*∗0* fitting function. $A$, $B$ and $C$ are the polynomial fit parameters. Similarly, for the KK signal peak is fitted with a Voigtian function (a Breit-Wigner function convoluted with a Gaussian function) is used, which accounts for the resonance width and the detector mass resolution. The fit function for $\phi$ is

[TABLE]

where the parameter $\sigma$ is the $p_{\mathrm{T}}$-dependent mass resolution, which is found to be independent of collision centrality. For Pb–Pb (pp) collisions, the mass resolution parameter has been extracted by using HIJING (PYTHIA) [27, 28] simulations, where the decay products of $\phi$ are propagated through the ALICE detector, by using GEANT3 [29].

The $\pi^{\mp}$K*±* (K*+K-) invariant-mass distribution is fitted in the range 0.75 $\textless$ $m_{\pi\mathrm{K}}$ $\textless$ 1.05 GeV/$c^{2}$ (0.99 $\textless$ $m_{\mathrm{KK}}$ $\textless$ 1.06 GeV/$c^{2}$). The yield of K∗0* ($\phi$) is extracted in each $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ interval and centrality class by integrating the mixed-event background subtracted invariant-mass distribution in the range 0.77 $\textless$ $m_{\pi\mathrm{K}}$ $\textless$ 1.02 GeV/$c^{2}$ (1 $\textless$ $m_{\mathrm{KK}}$ $\textless$ 1.03 GeV/$c^{2}$), subtracting the integral of the residual background function in the same range and correcting the result to account for the yields outside this range. This correction to the total yield is about 9$\%$ (13$\%$) for K*∗0* ($\phi$) [18].

2.3 Yield correction

The raw yields of K*∗0* and $\phi$ mesons are normalized to the number of events and corrected for the branching ratio (BR) [14], the detector acceptance ($A$) and the reconstruction efficiency ($\epsilon_{\mathrm{rec}}$).

2.3.1 Acceptance and reconstruction efficiency

A Monte Carlo simulation based on the HIJING (PYTHIA) event generator is used for the estimation of the acceptance $\times$ efficiency ($A\times$ $\epsilon_{\mathrm{rec}}$) in Pb–Pb (pp) collisions. Figure 3 shows $A\times$ $\epsilon_{\mathrm{rec}}$ for minimum bias pp collisions and 0-5$\%$ centrality Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV for both K*∗0* and $\phi$. In these simulations, the decay products of the generated K*∗0* and $\phi$ are propagated through the ALICE detector material using GEANT3 [29]. The $A\times$ $\epsilon_{\mathrm{rec}}$ is defined as the fraction of generated K*∗0* and $\phi$ that is reconstructed after passing through the detector simulation, the event reconstruction and being subjected to the track quality, PID and pair rapidity cuts. In this calculation, only those K*∗0* ($\phi$) mesons that decay to K${}^{\pm}\pi^{\mp}$ (K*+K-) are used. The correction for the branching ratio is therefore not included in $A\times$ $\epsilon_{\mathrm{rec}}$ and is applied separately (Eq. 4). The differences in $A\times$ $\epsilon_{\mathrm{rec}}$ for K∗0* and $\phi$ are due to the different kinematics and track selection criteria. In Pb–Pb collisions, $A\times$ $\epsilon_{\mathrm{rec}}$ has a very mild centrality dependence.

2.3.2 Normalization

The yields are normalized to the number of minimum bias events and corrected for the trigger ($\epsilon_{\mathrm{trigger}}$) and vertex reconstruction efficiencies ($\epsilon_{\mathrm{vertex}}$) to obtain the absolute resonance yields per inelastic pp collision. The $\epsilon_{vertex}$ correction was estimated to be equal to 89$\%$ and takes into account K*∗0* and $\phi$ meson losses after imposing the vertex cut. The trigger efficiency correction factor $\epsilon_{\mathrm{trigger}}$ is 88.1$\%$ with relative uncertainty of +5.9$\%$ and -3.5$\%$ for pp collisions [30]. The effects of trigger and vertex reconstruction efficiency corrections are negligible in Pb–Pb collisions and, hence, not considered. The invariant yield for pp and Pb–Pb collisions is

[TABLE]

where $N_{\mathrm{ev}}$ is the number of events used in the analysis and $\it{N}^{raw}$ is the K*∗0* or $\phi$ raw yield.

2.4 Systematic uncertainties

The sources of systematic uncertainties in the measurement of K*∗0* and $\phi$ production in pp and Pb–Pb collisions are the global tracking (performed using ITS and TPC clusters) efficiency, track selection cuts, PID, yield extraction method and material budget. In Pb–Pb (pp) collisions, the uncertainty contribution due to the global tracking efficiency has been estimated to be 5$\%$ (4$\%$) for charged particles [31], which results in a 10$\%$ (8$\%$) effect for the track pairs used for the invariant-mass analysis of K*∗0* and $\phi$. The systematic uncertainty in the global tracking efficiency of the charged decay daughters is $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ and centrality independent and it cancels out partially in particle yield ratios for both K*∗0* and $\phi$. The uncertainty due to the PID cuts is 3.7$\%$ (4$\%$) in pp and 4$\%$ (6.2$\%$) in Pb–Pb collisions for K*∗0* ($\phi$). Systematic uncertainties of 3$\%$ to 6$\%$ on the raw yield have been assigned due to variation of the track selection cuts, depending on the particle species and collision system. The uncertainty due to the raw yield extraction includes variations of the fit range, fit function, mass resolution and mixed event background normalization range. The $\pi$K (KK) invariant-mass fitting ranges were varied by 10–30 (5–10) MeV/$c^{2}$ on each side of the peak. The residual background is fitted with a 3rd-order polynomial and the resulting variations in the raw yield are also incorporated into the systematic uncertainties. Due to the uncertainty in the material budget of the ALICE detectors, a systematic uncertainty of $\sim$1$\%$ (derived from the study for $\pi^{\pm}$ and K*±* in [31]) is added to the yield of K*∗0* and $\phi$ at low $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$ 2 GeV/$c$, the contribution is negligible at higher $p_{\mathrm{T}}$. For $\phi$ the change in the yield due to a variation of the mass resolution is included in the systematic uncertainties of the raw yield extraction. The systematic uncertainties due to yield extraction are 2.5–14$\%$ (2–13$\%$) for K*∗0* ($\phi$) in pp collisions and 4–15$\%$ (3.5–13$\%$) for K*∗0* ($\phi$) in Pb–Pb collisions. Raw yield extraction dominates total uncertainties in the lowest and highest $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ intervals. All other systematic uncertainties have weak $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ and centrality dependence, with the exception of the yield extraction uncertainty. The total systematic uncertainties amount to 10–18$\%$ (9–16$\%$) for K*∗0* ($\phi$) in pp collisions and 12–19$\%$ (13–18$\%$) for K*∗0* ($\phi$) in Pb–Pb collisions. The contributions are summarized in Table 2.

3 Results

3.1 $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ spectra in pp collisions

The first measurement of K*∗0* ($\phi$) meson production in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 2.76 TeV up to $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ = 15 (21) GeV/$c$ is reported here. Figure 4 shows the transverse momentum spectra of K*∗0* and $\phi$ mesons in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 2.76 TeV, which are compared with the values given by perturbative QCD inspired Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA [28, 33] and PHOJET [34, 35]. In both event generators hadronization is simulated using the Lund String fragmentation model [36]. Different PYTHIA tunes were developed by different groups through extensive comparison of Monte Carlo distributions with the minimum bias data from various experiments. The PYTHIA D6T tune [37] is adjusted to CDF Run 2 data, whereas the ATLAS-CSC tune [38] is adjusted using UA5, E375 and CDF data from $\sqrt{s}$ = 0.2 to 1.8 TeV. The Perugia tune [39] uses the minimum bias and underlying event data from the LHC at 0.9 and 7 TeV. The bottom panels in Fig. 4 shows the ratio of the model calculations to the data. For the K*∗0* meson, at low $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ ($\textless$ 1 GeV/$c$): all models overpredict the data. In the intermediate $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ range ($\sim$2–8 GeV/$c$): the Perugia, ATLAS-CSC and PYTHIA 8.14 tunes underestimate the data, the D6T tune overestimates the data while PHOJET has good agreement with the data. For the $\phi$ meson, at low $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ ($\textless$ 1 GeV/$c$): PHOJET and ATLAS-CSC tune overpredict; the Perugia tune and PYTHIA 8.14 underpredict the data. In the intermediate $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ range ($\sim$2–8 GeV/$c$): the Perugia tune, PYTHIA 8.14, and PHOJET underestimate the data, while the D6T and ATLAS-CSC tunes are in good agreement with the data. In the high $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ range ($\textgreater$ 8 GeV/$c$) all models agree with the data within the uncertainties for both K*∗0* and $\phi$. For both K*∗0* and $\phi$ mesons, the deviations of these models from ALICE measurements are similar at both $\sqrt{s}$ = 2.76 and 7 TeV [40].

3.2 $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ spectra in Pb–Pb collisions

Figure 5 shows the $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ spectra for K*∗0* and $\phi$ mesons for different centrality classes in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV. The new measurements extend the previous results [18] from $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ = 5 GeV/$c$ to 20 (21) GeV/$c$ for K*∗0* ($\phi$). The production of K*∗0* has been measured in finer centrality bins and compared to previously published results [18]. When centrality bins are combined, the 2011 results are consistent with the 2010 data.

3.3 Particle ratios

The measurements of K*∗0* and $\phi$ spectra over a wide $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ range are used to probe particle production mechanisms at different $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ scales. The $p_{\mathrm{T}}$-integrated particle yield (d$N$/d$y$) and the mean transverse momentum ($\langle{p_{\mathrm{T}}}\rangle$) have been extracted using the procedure described in Ref. [18]. The $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ distributions are fitted with a Lévy-Tsallis function [41, 42] in pp and a Boltzmann-Gibbs blast-wave function [43] in Pb–Pb collisions. The d$N$/d$y$ and $\langle{p_{\mathrm{T}}}\rangle$ have been extracted from the data in the measured $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ region and the fit functions have been used to extrapolate into the unmeasured (low $p_{\mathrm{T}}$) region. The low-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ extrapolation covers $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $<$ 0.3 (0.5) GeV/$c$ for K*∗0* ($\phi$) and accounts for 5$\%$ (14$\%$) of the total yield. The yield is negligible at high-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ ($>$ 20 GeV/$c$). These values for K*∗0* in pp and Pb–Pb collisions and the values for $\phi$ in pp collisions are listed in Table 3.

Figure 6 shows the ratios K*∗0*/K*-* and $\phi$/K*-* [18] as a function of $\langle\mathrm{d}N_{\mathrm{ch}}/\mathrm{d}\eta\rangle^{1/3}$ (a proxy for the system size [44]) in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV and pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 2.76 TeV and 7 TeV [40]. The yield extraction dominates the systematic uncertainties at low $p_{\mathrm{T}}$, and therefore in the integrated yield; it has been assumed to be fully uncorrelated between different centrality classes. The values of the K*∗0*/K*-* ratio in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV and pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 2.76 TeV, along with $\phi$/K*-* ratio in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 2.76 TeV, are listed in Table 3. The K*∗0*/K*-* ratio from the present data is consistent with the trend observed in the previous measurement [18], also shown in Fig. 6 for completeness. A smooth dependence on $\langle\mathrm{d}N_{\mathrm{ch}}/\mathrm{d}\eta\rangle^{1/3}$ is observed and the K*∗0*/K*-* ratio is suppressed in the most central Pb–Pb collisions with respect to pp and peripheral Pb–Pb collisions. On the other hand, the $\phi$/K*-* ratio (previously reported in [18]) has weak centrality dependence without any suppression. Energy independence of the $\phi$/K*-* ratio in pp collisions is observed. The suppression of the integrated yield of the short lived K*∗0* resonance suggests that the rescattering of its decay daughters in the hadronic medium reduces the measurable yield of K*∗0*. This aspect is further illustrated by comparison of the ratios to a thermal model calculations with a chemical freeze-out temperature of 156 MeV [45]. The measurements of $\phi$/K for the most central collisions agrees with the thermal model expectation, while the measured K*∗0*/K ratio lies significantly below the model value as this thermal model does not include rescattering effects. The K*∗0*/K and $\phi$/K ratios in Pb–Pb collisions are also compared to EPOS3 calculations [46]. EPOS3 is an event generator that describes the full evolution of heavy-ion collisions. The initial conditions are modeled using the Gribov-Regge multiple-scattering framework, based on strings and Pomerons. The collision volume is divided into two parts: a “core” (modeled as a QGP described by 3+1 dimensional viscous hydrodynamics) and a “corona” (where decaying strings are hadronized). The core is allowed to hadronize and the further evolution of the complete system (including re-scattering and regeneration) is modeled using UrQMD [47, 48]. EPOS3 with hadronic cascade modeled by UrQMD reproduces the observed trends for K*∗0*/K and $\phi$/K ratios in Pb–Pb collisions, suggesting that the observed suppression of K*∗0*/K ratio is from rescattering of the daughter particles in the hadronic phase.

The effects of hadronic rescattering can be investigated with the $p_{\mathrm{T}}$-differential K*∗0*/K and $\phi$/K ratios. Figure 7a shows the K*∗0*/K and $\phi$/K ratios as a function of $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ in pp and 0–5$\%$ central Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV. For $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$ 2 GeV/$c$, the K*∗0*/K ratio is smaller in central Pb–Pb collisions than in pp collisions, while the $\phi$/K ratio is the same for both collision systems. This is consistent with the suppression of the K*∗0* yield due to rescattering in the hadronic phase. In Fig. 7b, the K${}^{*0}/\pi$ and $\phi/\pi$ ratios are shown as a function of $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ in pp and 0–5$\%$ central Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV. For pp collisions, these ratios saturate at $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\sim$4 GeV/$c$, but in Pb–Pb collisions, it increases up to 4 GeV/$c$ then shows a decreasing trend up to 8 GeV/$c$, finally it saturates. Both ratios in central Pb–Pb collisions show an enhancement with respect to pp collisions at $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\sim$3 GeV/$c$. Similar meson-to-meson enhancement has been observed for the K/$\pi$ ratio [31], and is understood in terms of radial flow. The ratios K${}^{*0}/$K, $\phi/$K, K${}^{*0}/\pi$ and $\phi/\pi$ are similar at high $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ ($\textgreater$ 8 GeV/$c$) in Pb–Pb and pp collisions. This suggests that fragmentation is the dominant mechanism of hadron production in this $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ regime. This observation is consistent with our previous measurements of the p/$\pi$ and K/$\pi$ ratios [31].

In Fig. 8, the $p_{\mathrm{T}}$-differential p/K*∗0* and p/$\phi$ ratios measured in pp and Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV are shown in panels (a) and (b), respectively. The particle ratios evolve from pp to central Pb–Pb collisions, indicating a change of the spectral shapes. In central Pb–Pb collisions, the p/K*∗0* ratio shows weak transverse momentum dependence and the p/$\phi$ ratio is consistent with previous observations for $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\lesssim$ 4 GeV/$c$. The similarity of the shapes of spectra for K*∗0*, p, $\phi$, which have similar masses but different numbers of valence quarks, suggests that the shapes are mostly defined by hadron masses as expected from hydrodynamic models [49]. At higher $p_{\mathrm{T}}$, the difference between particle ratios measured in different collision systems becomes smaller. Eventually the p/K*∗0* and p/$\phi$ ratios for $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textgreater$ 8 GeV/$c$ have similar values in both pp and central Pb–Pb collisions within uncertainties as expected if parton fragmentation in vacuum dominates.

3.4 Nuclear modification factor ($R_{\mathrm{AA}}$)

The $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ spectrum of K*∗0* ($\phi$) in pp collisions is used for the calculation of the nuclear modification factor ($R_{\mathrm{AA}}$). The K*∗0* spectra is measured up to $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ = 15 GeV/$c$ (Fig. 4) and $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ = 20 GeV/$c$ (Fig. 5), in pp and Pb–Pb collisions, respectively. In pp collisions, the K*∗0* $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ distribution for 15 $\textless$ $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$20 GeV/$c$ is extrapolated from the measured data using a Lévy-Tsallis function [41, 42]. For the systematic uncertainty on this extrapolated data point, a power-law function is used in the range 2 $\textless$ $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$ 20 GeV/$c$. In addition, maximally hard and maximally soft $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ spectra are generated by shifting the measured data points within their uncertainties. The extrapolation procedure is performed on these hard and soft spectra and the changes in the high-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ yield are incorporated into the systematic uncertainty estimate of the extrapolated data point.

The $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ is used to study the effect of the medium formed in heavy-ion collisions and is sensitive to the system size and the density of the medium. The $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ measurement is also sensitive to the dynamics of particle production, in-medium effects and the energy loss mechanism of partons in the medium. If a nuclear collision were simply a superposition of nucleon-nucleon collisions, the nuclear modification factor would be equal to unity at high $p_{\mathrm{T}}$. Deviations of $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ from unity may indicate the presence of in-medium effects.

Figure 9 shows the $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ of K*∗0* and $\phi$ in the 0–5$\%$ to 40–50$\%$ centrality classes for Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV. These results are compared to the $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ of charged hadrons measured by the ALICE Collaboration [50]. The $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ of K*∗0* and $\phi$ is lower than unity at high $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ ($\textgreater$ 8 GeV/$c$) for all centrality classes. It is also observed that for $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$ 2 GeV/$c$, the K*∗0* $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ is smaller than the $\phi$ and the charged hadron $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$. This additional suppression of K*∗0* at low $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ with respect to $\phi$ is reduced as one goes from central to peripheral collisions, consistent with the expectation of more rescattering in central Pb–Pb collisions [18]. At high $p_{\mathrm{T}}$, the $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ of both K*∗0* and $\phi$ mesons are similar to that of charged hadrons and the $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ values increase from central to peripheral collisions.

Figure 10 shows the comparison of $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ of K*∗0* and $\phi$ in the 0–5$\%$ collision centrality class with that of $\pi$, K and p [31]. In the intermediate $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ range (2–6 GeV/$c$), K*∗0* and $\phi$ $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ is similar to that of the K, whereas p and $\phi$ exhibit a different trend despite similar masses. The difference of $\phi$ and p $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ at RHIC was thought to be an effect of hadronization through parton recombination [51, 52, 53]. But the p/$\phi$ ratio in most central Pb–Pb collisions at LHC is observed to be flat for $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textless$ 4 GeV/$c$ (see also Fig. 8b and [18]) which suggests that particle masses determine the shapes of the $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ spectra with no need to invoke a recombination model. For $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textgreater$ 8 GeV/$c$, all the light flavored species, $\pi$, K, p [31], K*∗0* and $\phi$, show a similar suppression within uncertainties. This observation rules out models where the suppression of different species containing light quarks are considered to be dependent on their mass and it can also put a stringent constraint on the models dealing with fragmentation and energy loss mechanisms [8, 9, 10].

4 Conclusions

The production of K*∗0* and $\phi$ mesons in inelastic pp collisions and Pb–Pb collisions in various centrality classes at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV using large data samples accumulated in 2011 has been measured. The transverse momentum distributions for K*∗0* ($\phi$) mesons measured in pp collisions up to 15 (21) GeV/$c$ are compared to predictions of the perturbative QCD inspired event generators PYTHIA and PHOJET. It is observed that for $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textgreater$ 8 GeV/$c$ the models agree with the data within uncertainties. In Pb–Pb collisions previously published results for K*∗0* and $\phi$ [18] are extended from $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ = 5 GeV/$c$ to 20 GeV/$c$ and the production of K*∗0* is studied in finer centrality bins. At high transverse momentum ($p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\textgreater$ 8 GeV/$c$) nuclear modification factors for different light hadrons ($\pi$, K, K*∗0*, p and $\phi$) are consistent within uncertainties and particle ratios (K*∗0*/$\pi$, K*∗0*/K, $\phi$/$\pi$ and $\phi$/K) are similar for pp and Pb–Pb collisions. This indicates a particle species independence of partonic energy loss in the medium for light quark flavors (u, d, s) and points to fragmentation in vacuum as the dominant particle production mechanism in this kinematic regime. The K*∗0*/$\pi$, and $\phi/\pi$ ratios show a centrality dependent enhancement at $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\sim$3 GeV/$c$ in Pb–Pb collisions compared to pp collisions. This is similar to the enhancement previously observed in the K/$\pi$ ratio [31] and attributed to the development of collective radial flow. At low momentum, the production of K*∗0* is significantly suppressed in Pb–Pb collisions and the K*∗0*/K ratio exhibits suppression at low momentum, which increases with centrality. This observation is consistent with previous measurements by the STAR [54, 55] and the ALICE [18] Collaborations and EPOS3 calculations [46], which confirms the importance of rescattering in the hadronic phase.

Acknowledgements

The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers and technicians for their invaluable contributions to the construction of the experiment and the CERN accelerator teams for the outstanding performance of the LHC complex. The ALICE Collaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and support provided by all Grid centres and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) collaboration. The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following funding agencies for their support in building and running the ALICE detector: A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences and Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil; Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC), National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and Ministry of Education of China (MOEC) , China; Ministry of Science, Education and Sport and Croatian Science Foundation, Croatia; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Research — Natural Sciences, the Carlsberg Foundation and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA) and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; Ministry of Education, Research and Religious Affairs, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, India; Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia; Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Science and Technology , Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (IIST), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI and Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nationaal instituut voor subatomaire fysica (Nikhef), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Science and Higher Education and National Science Centre, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics and Romanian National Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation, Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Russia; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion and Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Spain; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSDTA), Suranaree University of Technology (SUT) and Office of the Higher Education Commission under NRU project of Thailand, Thailand; Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America.

Appendix A The ALICE Collaboration

J. Adam${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 38}}$, D. Adamová${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, M.M. Aggarwal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, G. Aglieri Rinella${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, M. Agnello${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 30}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, N. Agrawal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 47}}$, Z. Ahammed${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, S. Ahmad${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 17}}$, S.U. Ahn${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 69}}$, S. Aiola${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 143}}$, A. Akindinov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 54}}$, S.N. Alam${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, D.S.D. Albuquerque${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 124}}$, D. Aleksandrov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, B. Alessandro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, D. Alexandre${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 104}}$, R. Alfaro Molina${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 64}}$, A. Alici${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 12}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 107}}$, A. Alkin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 3}}$, J. Alme${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 36}}$, T. Alt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 41}}$, S. Altinpinar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$, I. Altsybeev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, C. Alves Garcia Prado${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123}}$, M. An${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, C. Andrei${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 80}}$, H.A. Andrews${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 104}}$, A. Andronic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, V. Anguelov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, C. Anson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 90}}$, T. Antičić${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 101}}$, F. Antinori${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 110}}$, P. Antonioli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 107}}$, R. Anwar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126}}$, L. Aphecetche${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, H. Appelshäuser${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, S. Arcelli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26}}$, R. Arnaldi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, O.W. Arnold${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 97}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35}}$, I.C. Arsene${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20}}$, M. Arslandok${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, B. Audurier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, A. Augustinus${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, R. Averbeck${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, M.D. Azmi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 17}}$, A. Badalà${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 109}}$, Y.W. Baek${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 68}}$, S. Bagnasco${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, R. Bailhache${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, R. Bala${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, A. Baldisseri${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 65}}$, M. Ball${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 44}}$, R.C. Baral${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, A.M. Barbano${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, R. Barbera${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, F. Barile${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, L. Barioglio${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, G.G. Barnaföldi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 142}}$, L.S. Barnby${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 104}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, V. Barret${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 71}}$, P. Bartalini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, K. Barth${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, J. Bartke${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 120}}$\Aref0, E. Bartsch${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, M. Basile${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26}}$, N. Bastid${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 71}}$, S. Basu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, B. Bathen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 61}}$, G. Batigne${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, A. Batista Camejo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 71}}$, B. Batyunya${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 67}}$, P.C. Batzing${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20}}$, I.G. Bearden${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$, H. Beck${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, C. Bedda${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 30}}$, N.K. Behera${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 50}}$, I. Belikov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 135}}$, F. Bellini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26}}$, H. Bello Martinez${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, R. Bellwied${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126}}$, L.G.E. Beltran${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, V. Belyaev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 76}}$, G. Bencedi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 142}}$, S. Beole${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, A. Bercuci${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 80}}$, Y. Berdnikov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 89}}$, D. Berenyi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 142}}$, R.A. Bertens${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, D. Berzano${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, L. Betev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, A. Bhasin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, I.R. Bhat${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, A.K. Bhati${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, B. Bhattacharjee${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 43}}$, J. Bhom${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 120}}$, L. Bianchi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126}}$, N. Bianchi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 73}}$, C. Bianchin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, J. Bielčík${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 38}}$, J. Bielčíková${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, A. Bilandzic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 97}}$, G. Biro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 142}}$, R. Biswas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 4}}$, S. Biswas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 4}}$, J.T. Blair${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 121}}$, D. Blau${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, C. Blume${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, G. Boca${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 136}}$, F. Bock${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 75}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, A. Bogdanov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 76}}$, L. Boldizsár${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 142}}$, M. Bombara${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 39}}$, G. Bonomi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 137}}$, M. Bonora${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, J. Book${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, H. Borel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 65}}$, A. Borissov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 99}}$, M. Borri${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 128}}$, E. Botta${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, C. Bourjau${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$, P. Braun-Munzinger${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, M. Bregant${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123}}$, T.A. Broker${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, T.A. Browning${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 98}}$, M. Broz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 38}}$, E.J. Brucken${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, E. Bruna${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, G.E. Bruno${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, D. Budnikov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, H. Buesching${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, S. Bufalino${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 30}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, P. Buhler${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 115}}$, S.A.I. Buitron${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 62}}$, P. Buncic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, O. Busch${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$, Z. Buthelezi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 66}}$, J.B. Butt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 15}}$, J.T. Buxton${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 18}}$, J. Cabala${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 118}}$, D. Caffarri${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, H. Caines${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 143}}$, A. Caliva${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, E. Calvo Villar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 105}}$, P. Camerini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 24}}$, A.A. Capon${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 115}}$, F. Carena${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, W. Carena${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, F. Carnesecchi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 12}}$, J. Castillo Castellanos${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 65}}$, A.J. Castro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, E.A.R. Casula${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 108}}$, C. Ceballos Sanchez${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 9}}$, P. Cerello${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, J. Cerkala${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 118}}$, B. Chang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 127}}$, S. Chapeland${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, M. Chartier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 128}}$, J.L. Charvet${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 65}}$, S. Chattopadhyay${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, S. Chattopadhyay${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, A. Chauvin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 97}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35}}$, M. Cherney${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 90}}$, C. Cheshkov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134}}$, B. Cheynis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134}}$, V. Chibante Barroso${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, D.D. Chinellato${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 124}}$, S. Cho${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 50}}$, P. Chochula${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, K. Choi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 99}}$, M. Chojnacki${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$, S. Choudhury${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, P. Christakoglou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 85}}$, C.H. Christensen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$, P. Christiansen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, T. Chujo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$, S.U. Chung${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 99}}$, C. Cicalo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 108}}$, L. Cifarelli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 12}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26}}$, F. Cindolo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 107}}$, J. Cleymans${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 92}}$, F. Colamaria${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, D. Colella${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 55}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, A. Collu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 75}}$, M. Colocci${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26}}$, G. Conesa Balbastre${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 72}}$, Z. Conesa del Valle${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, M.E. Connors${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 143}}$\Arefidp1816992, J.G. Contreras${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 38}}$, T.M. Cormier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, Y. Corrales Morales${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, I. Cortés Maldonado${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, P. Cortese${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 31}}$, M.R. Cosentino${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 125}}$, F. Costa${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, S. Costanza${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 136}}$, J. Crkovská${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, P. Crochet${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 71}}$, R. Cruz Albino${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 11}}$, E. Cuautle${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 62}}$, L. Cunqueiro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 61}}$, T. Dahms${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 97}}$, A. Dainese${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 110}}$, M.C. Danisch${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, A. Danu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 58}}$, D. Das${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, I. Das${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, S. Das${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 4}}$, A. Dash${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, S. Dash${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 47}}$, S. De${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 48}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123}}$, A. De Caro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 29}}$, G. de Cataldo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 106}}$, C. de Conti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123}}$, J. de Cuveland${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 41}}$, A. De Falco${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, D. De 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S. Pochybova${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 142}}$, P.L.M. Podesta-Lerma${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 122}}$, M.G. Poghosyan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, B. Polichtchouk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 114}}$, N. Poljak${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, W. Poonsawat${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 117}}$, A. Pop${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 80}}$, H. Poppenborg${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 61}}$, S. Porteboeuf-Houssais${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 71}}$, J. Porter${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 75}}$, J. Pospisil${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, V. Pozdniakov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 67}}$, S.K. Prasad${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 4}}$, R. Preghenella${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 107}}$, F. Prino${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, C.A. Pruneau${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, I. Pshenichnov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, M. Puccio${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, G. Puddu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, P. Pujahari${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, V. Punin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, J. Putschke${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 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60}}$, A.R. Reolon${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 73}}$, A. Reshetin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, K. Reygers${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, V. Riabov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 89}}$, R.A. Ricci${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 74}}$, T. Richert${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, M. Richter${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20}}$, P. Riedler${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, W. Riegler${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, F. Riggi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 27}}$, C. Ristea${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 58}}$, M. Rodríguez Cahuantzi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, K. Røed${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20}}$, E. Rogochaya${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 67}}$, D. Rohr${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 41}}$, D. Röhrich${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$, P.S. Rokita${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, F. Ronchetti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 73}}$, L. Ronflette${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, P. Rosnet${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 71}}$, A. Rossi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28}}$, A. Rotondi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 136}}$, F. Roukoutakis${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 78}}$, A. Roy${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 48}}$, C. Roy${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 135}}$, P. Roy${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, A.J. Rubio Montero${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 10}}$, R. Rui${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 24}}$, R. Russo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, A. Rustamov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 82}}$, E. Ryabinkin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, Y. Ryabov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 89}}$, A. Rybicki${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 120}}$, S. Saarinen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 45}}$, S. Sadhu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, S. Sadovsky${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 114}}$, K. Šafařík${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, S.K. Saha${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, B. Sahlmuller${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, B. Sahoo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 47}}$, P. Sahoo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 48}}$, R. Sahoo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 48}}$, S. Sahoo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, P.K. Sahu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, J. Saini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, S. Sakai${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 73}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$, M.A. Saleh${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, J. Salzwedel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 18}}$, S. Sambyal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, V. Samsonov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 76}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 89}}$, A. Sandoval${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 64}}$, D. Sarkar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, N. Sarkar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, P. Sarma${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 43}}$, M.H.P. Sas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, E. Scapparone${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 107}}$, F. Scarlassara${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28}}$, R.P. Scharenberg${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 98}}$, H.S. Scheid${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, C. Schiaua${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 80}}$, R. Schicker${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, C. Schmidt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, H.R. Schmidt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 95}}$, M.O. Schmidt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, M. Schmidt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 95}}$, J. Schukraft${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, Y. Schutz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 135}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, K. Schwarz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, K. Schweda${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, G. Scioli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26}}$, E. Scomparin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, R. Scott${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, M. Šefčík${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 39}}$, J.E. Seger${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 90}}$, Y. Sekiguchi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 131}}$, D. Sekihata${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 46}}$, I. Selyuzhenkov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, K. Senosi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 66}}$, S. Senyukov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 3}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 135}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, E. Serradilla${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 64}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 10}}$, P. Sett${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 47}}$, A. Sevcenco${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 58}}$, A. Shabanov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, A. Shabetai${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, O. Shadura${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 3}}$, R. Shahoyan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, A. Shangaraev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 114}}$, A. Sharma${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, A. Sharma${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, M. Sharma${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, M. Sharma${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 93}}$, N. Sharma${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 91}}$, A.I. Sheikh${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, K. Shigaki${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 46}}$, Q. Shou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, K. Shtejer${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 9}}$, Y. Sibiriak${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, S. Siddhanta${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 108}}$, K.M. Sielewicz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, T. Siemiarczuk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 79}}$, D. Silvermyr${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, C. Silvestre${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 72}}$, G. Simatovic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, G. Simonetti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, R. Singaraju${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, R. Singh${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, S. Singha${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 81}}$, V. Singhal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, T. Sinha${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 103}}$, B. Sitar${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 37}}$, M. Sitta${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 31}}$, T.B. Skaali${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20}}$, M. Slupecki${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 127}}$, N. Smirnov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 143}}$, R.J.M. Snellings${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, T.W. Snellman${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 127}}$, J. Song${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 99}}$, M. Song${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 144}}$, F. Soramel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28}}$, S. Sorensen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, F. Sozzi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, E. Spiriti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 73}}$, I. Sputowska${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 120}}$, B.K. Srivastava${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 98}}$, J. Stachel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, I. Stan${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 58}}$, P. Stankus${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 88}}$, E. Stenlund${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, J.H. Stiller${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, D. Stocco${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, P. Strmen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 37}}$, A.A.P. Suaide${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123}}$, T. Sugitate${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 46}}$, C. Suire${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, M. Suleymanov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 15}}$, M. Suljic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 24}}$, R. Sultanov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 54}}$, M. Šumbera${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, S. Sumowidagdo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 49}}$, K. Suzuki${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 115}}$, S. Swain${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 57}}$, A. Szabo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 37}}$, I. Szarka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 37}}$, A. Szczepankiewicz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, M. Szymanski${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, U. Tabassam${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 15}}$, J. Takahashi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 124}}$, G.J. Tambave${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$, N. Tanaka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$, M. Tarhini${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 51}}$, M. Tariq${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 17}}$, M.G. Tarzila${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 80}}$, A. Tauro${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, G. Tejeda Muñoz${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, A. Telesca${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, K. Terasaki${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 131}}$, C. Terrevoli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 28}}$, B. Teyssier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134}}$, D. Thakur${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 48}}$, S. Thakur${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 139}}$, D. Thomas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 121}}$, R. Tieulent${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134}}$, A. Tikhonov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 52}}$, A.R. Timmins${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126}}$, A. Toia${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, S. Tripathy${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 48}}$, S. Trogolo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, G. Trombetta${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, V. Trubnikov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 3}}$, W.H. Trzaska${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 127}}$, B.A. Trzeciak${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, T. Tsuji${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 131}}$, A. Tumkin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, R. Turrisi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 110}}$, T.S. Tveter${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20}}$, K. Ullaland${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$, E.N. Umaka${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 126}}$, A. Uras${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 134}}$, G.L. Usai${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 23}}$, A. Utrobicic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 133}}$, M. Vala${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 118}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 55}}$, J. Van Der Maarel${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, J.W. Van Hoorne${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, M. van Leeuwen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, T. Vanat${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 87}}$, P. Vande Vyvre${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, D. Varga${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 142}}$, A. Vargas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, M. Vargyas${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 127}}$, R. Varma${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 47}}$, M. Vasileiou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 78}}$, A. Vasiliev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, A. Vauthier${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 72}}$, O. Vázquez Doce${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 97}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35}}$, V. Vechernin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, A.M. Veen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, A. Velure${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$, E. Vercellin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 25}}$, S. Vergara Limón${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, R. Vernet${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 8}}$, R. Vértesi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 142}}$, L. Vickovic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 119}}$, S. Vigolo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, J. Viinikainen${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 127}}$, Z. Vilakazi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 130}}$, O. Villalobos Baillie${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 104}}$, A. Villatoro Tello${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 2}}$, A. Vinogradov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 83}}$, L. Vinogradov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, T. Virgili${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 29}}$, V. Vislavicius${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 33}}$, A. Vodopyanov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 67}}$, M.A. Völkl${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, K. Voloshin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 54}}$, S.A. Voloshin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 141}}$, G. Volpe${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 32}}$, B. von Haller${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, I. Vorobyev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 97}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 35}}$, D. Voscek${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 118}}$, D. Vranic${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, J. Vrláková${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 39}}$, B. Wagner${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$, J. Wagner${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, H. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, M. Wang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, D. Watanabe${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$, Y. Watanabe${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 131}}$, M. Weber${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 115}}$, S.G. Weber${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 100}}$, D.F. Weiser${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, J.P. Wessels${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 61}}$, U. Westerhoff${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 61}}$, A.M. Whitehead${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 92}}$, J. Wiechula${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 60}}$, J. Wikne${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20}}$, G. Wilk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 79}}$, J. Wilkinson${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, G.A. Willems${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 61}}$, M.C.S. Williams${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 107}}$, B. Windelband${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, W.E. Witt${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 129}}$, S. Yalcin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 70}}$, P. Yang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, S. Yano${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 46}}$, Z. Yin${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, H. Yokoyama${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 132}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 72}}$, I.-K. Yoo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 99}}$, J.H. Yoon${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 50}}$, V. Yurchenko${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 3}}$, V. Zaccolo${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 113}}$, A. Zaman${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 15}}$, C. Zampolli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$, H.J.C. Zanoli${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 123}}$, S. Zaporozhets${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 67}}$, N. Zardoshti${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 104}}$, A. Zarochentsev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 138}}$, P. Závada${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 56}}$, N. Zaviyalov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 102}}$, H. Zbroszczyk${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 140}}$, M. Zhalov${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 89}}$, H. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, X. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 75}}$, Y. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, C. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 53}}$, Z. Zhang${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, C. Zhao${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 20}}$, N. Zhigareva${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 54}}$, D. Zhou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, Y. Zhou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 84}}$, Z. Zhou${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$, H. Zhu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 21}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, J. Zhu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 116}}$, X. Zhu${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 7}}$, A. Zichichi${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 12}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 26}}$, A. Zimmermann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 96}}$, M.B. Zimmermann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 34}}$,${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 61}}$, S. Zimmermann${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 115}}$, G. Zinovjev${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 3}}$, J. Zmeskal${}^{\textrm{\scriptsize 115}}$

Affiliation notes

{Authlist}

\Adef

0Deceased

\Adef

idp1816992Also at: Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States

\Adef

idp3259728Also at: Also at Department of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

\Adef

idp4031408Also at: M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear, Physics, Moscow, Russia

Collaboration Institutes

1A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia

2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico

3Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine

4Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India

5Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia

6California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States

7Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China

8Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France

9Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba

10Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain

11Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico

12Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi’, Rome, Italy

13Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois, United States

14China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China

15COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan

16Departamento de Física de Partículas and IGFAE, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

17Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

18Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States

19Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea

20Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

21Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

22Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università ’La Sapienza’ and Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy

23Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy

24Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy

25Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy

26Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy

27Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy

28Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy

29Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy

30Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy

31Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica dell’Università del Piemonte Orientale and INFN Sezione di Torino, Alessandria, Italy

32Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy

33Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden

34European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland

35Excellence Cluster Universe, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

36Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway

37Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia

38Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

39Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia

40Faculty of Technology, Buskerud and Vestfold University College, Tonsberg, Norway

41Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

42Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea

43Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, India

44Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany

45Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland

46Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

47Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India

48Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India

49Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia

50Inha University, Incheon, South Korea

51Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France

52Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

53Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

54Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia

55Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia

56Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

57Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India

58Institute of Space Science (ISS), Bucharest, Romania

59Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

60Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

61Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany

62Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

63Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil

64Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

65IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Saclay, France

66iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa

67Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia

68Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea

69Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, South Korea

70KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey

71Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS–IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France

72Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France

73Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy

74Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN, Legnaro, Italy

75Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States

76Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia

77Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan

78National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Physics Department, Athens, Greece, Athens, Greece

79National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland

80National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania

81National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India

82National Nuclear Research Center, Baku, Azerbaijan

83National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia

84Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

85Nikhef, Nationaal instituut voor subatomaire fysica, Amsterdam, Netherlands

86Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United Kingdom

87Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic

88Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States

89Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia

90Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States

91Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

92Physics Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

93Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India

94Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India

95Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

96Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

97Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

98Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States

99Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea

100Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany

101Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia

102Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia

103Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India

104School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

105Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru

106Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy

107Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy

108Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy

109Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy

110Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy

111Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy

112Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy

113Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy

114SSC IHEP of NRC Kurchatov institute, Protvino, Russia

115Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI), Vienna, Austria

116SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France

117Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

118Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovakia

119Technical University of Split FESB, Split, Croatia

120The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland

121The University of Texas at Austin, Physics Department, Austin, Texas, United States

122Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico

123Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil

124Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

125Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil

126University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States

127University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

128University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

129University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States

130University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

131University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

132University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

133University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

134Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France

135Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France, Strasbourg, France

136Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

137Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy

138V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

139Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India

140Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

141Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States

142Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

143Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States

144Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea

145Zentrum für Technologietransfer und Telekommunikation (ZTT), Fachhochschule Worms, Worms, Germany