# Smart Inverter Impacts on California Distribution Feeders with Increasing PV Penetration: A Case Study

## TL;DR

This study evaluates how smart inverters affect voltage regulation, line losses, and operational stability on a real California distribution feeder under increasing PV penetration, highlighting optimal deployment strategies.

## Contribution

It provides a detailed simulation analysis of inverter behaviors on real feeders, emphasizing inverter sizing, control strategies, and their impacts at high PV penetration levels.

## Key findings

- Voltage regulation improves with inverter deployment.
- Line losses increase at high PV levels.
- Removing deadband enhances inverter effectiveness.

## Abstract

The impacts of high PV penetration on distribution feeders have been well documented within the last decade. To mitigate these impacts, interconnection standards have been amended to allow PV inverters to regulate voltage locally. However, there is a deficiency of literature discussing how these inverters will behave on real feeders under increasing PV penetration. In this paper, we simulate several deployment scenarios of these inverters on a real California distribution feeder. We show that minimum and maximum voltage, tap operations, and voltage variability are improved due to the inverters. Line losses were shown to increase at high PV penetrations as a side effect. Furthermore, we find inverter sizing was shown to be important as PV penetration increased. Finally we show that increasing the number of inverters and removing the deadband from the Volt/VAr control curve improves the effectiveness.