# A normalization approach for scattering modes to be of use in classical and quantum electrodynamics

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new normalization scheme for electromagnetic scattering modes, applicable in classical and quantum electrodynamics, based on surface field conditions, enhancing the analysis of various scatterers.

## Contribution

A novel normalization method for scattering modes using surface field conditions, applicable to diverse scatterers in classical and quantum electrodynamics.

## Key findings

- Normalization conditions depend only on surface fields.
- Explicit normalization formulas for plane and multipolar illumination.
- Validated on metallic and dielectric scatterers with different geometries.

## Abstract

We propose a novel scheme to normalize scattering modes of the electromagnetic field. By relying on analytical solutions for Maxwell's equations in the homogenous medium outside the scatterer, we derive normalization conditions that only depend on the electromagnetic field on the surface of a sphere containing the scatterer. We pay special attention to the important cases of plane wave illumination and illumination with a multipolar field, for which an explicit and easy to use normalization condition is derived. We demonstrate the versatility of our method by normalizing scattering modes of some selected metallic and dielectric scatterers of different geometries in the context of different application scenarios. Since every quantum mechanical treatment of light-matter interaction requires the proper normalization of electromagnetic fields, we deem our proposed normalization scheme broadly applicable independent of the scatterer involved.