Cartan images and $\ell$-torsion points of elliptic curves with rational $j$-invariant

TL;DR

This paper classifies the existence of elliptic curves with rational j-invariant over number fields that have specific torsion points or Galois image properties related to Cartan subgroups, under certain conjectures.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of when elliptic curves over number fields with rational j-invariant have specified torsion points and Galois images, extending previous classifications.

Findings

Characterizes when such elliptic curves with torsion points exist over degree-d fields.

Determines conditions for Galois image containment in Cartan subgroups.

Results depend on conjectures by Sutherland and the base field of definition.

Abstract

Let $\ell$ be an odd prime and $d$ a positive integer. We determine when there exists a degree-$d$ number field $K$ and an elliptic curve $E/K$ with $j(E)\in\mathbb{Q}\setminus\{0,1728\}$ for which $E(K)_{\mathrm{tors}}$ contains a point of order $\ell$. We also determine when there exists such a pair $(K,E)$ for which the image of the associated mod-$\ell$ Galois representation is contained in a Cartan subgroup or its normalizer, conditionally on a conjecture of Sutherland. We do the same under the stronger assumption that $E$ is defined over $\mathbb{Q}$.