# Gravitational echoes from macroscopic quantum gravity effects

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how macroscopic quantum gravity effects could produce gravitational wave echoes from black holes, classifying different models based on their non-perturbative corrections to the horizon geometry.

## Contribution

It systematically analyzes various quantum gravity proposals to determine which can produce observable gravitational wave echoes.

## Key findings

- Echoes require horizonless, reflective configurations.
- Perturbative quantum effects do not produce echoes.
- Naked firewalls do not lead to echoes.

## Abstract

New theoretical approaches developed in the last years predict that macroscopic quantum gravity effects in black holes should lead to modifications of the gravitational wave signals expected in the framework of classical general relativity, with these modifications being characterized by the existence of dampened repetitions of the primary signal. Here we use the fact that non-perturbative corrections to the near-horizon external geometry of black holes are necessary for these modifications to exist, in order to classify different proposals and paradigms with respect to this criterion and study in a neat and systematic way their phenomenology. Proposals that lead naturally to the existence of echoes in the late-time ringdown of gravitational wave signals from black hole mergers must share the replacement of black holes by horizonless configurations with a physical surface showing reflective properties in the relevant range of frequencies. On the other hand, proposals or paradigms that restrict quantum gravity effects on the external geometry to be perturbative, such as black hole complementarity or the closely related firewall proposal, do not display echoes. For the sake of completeness we exploit the interplay between the timescales associated with the formation of firewalls and the mechanism behind the existence of echoes in order to conclude that even unconventional distortions of the firewall concept (such as naked firewalls) do not lead to this phenomenon.