# Towards Impedance Characterization of Carbon-Carbon Ultrasonically Absorptive Cavities via the Inverse Helmholtz Problem

## TL;DR

This paper introduces an inverse Helmholtz Solver (iHS) to numerically determine complex acoustic impedance of arbitrarily shaped cavities, validated against theory and applied to carbon-carbon ultrasonically absorptive coatings for hypersonic flow simulations.

## Contribution

The paper presents the first inverse Helmholtz Solver capable of reconstructing broadband impedance distributions for complex geometries at given frequencies.

## Key findings

- Validated against Rott's thermoacoustic theory.
- Successfully applied to complex cavity geometries.
- Analyzed carbon-carbon ultrasonically absorptive coatings.

## Abstract

We present a numerical method to determine the complex acoustic impedance at the open surface of an arbitrarily shaped cavity, associated to an impinging planar acoustic wave with a given wavenumber vector and frequency. We have achieved this by developing the first inverse Helmholtz Solver (iHS), which implicitly reconstructs the complex acoustic waveform--at a given frequency--up to the unknown impedance boundary, hereby providing the spatial distribution of impedance as a result of the calculation for that given frequency. We show that the algebraic closure conditions required by the inverse Helmholtz problem are physically related to the assignment of the spatial distribution of the pressure phase over the unknown impedance boundary. The iHS is embarrassingly parallelizable over the frequency domain allowing for the straightforward determination of the full broadband impedance at every point of the target boundary. In this paper, we restrict our analysis to two-dimensions only. We first validate our results against Rott's quasi one-dimensional thermoacoustic theory for viscid and inviscid constant-area rectangular ducts, test our iHS in a fully unstructured fashion with a geometrically complex cavity, and finally, present a simplified, two-dimensional analysis of a sample of carbon-carbon ultrasonically absorptive coatings (C/C UACs) manufactured in DLR-Stuttgart, and used in the hypersonic transition delay experiments by Wagner et al. in AIAA 2012-5865. The final goal is to model C/C UACs with multi-oscillator Time Domain Impedance Boundary Conditions (TDIBC) developed by Lin et al. in JFM (2016) to be applied in direct numerical simulations (DNS) focused on the overlying boundary layer, eliminating the need to simultaneously resolve the microscopic porous structure of the C/C UACs.