Practical Reasoning with Norms for Autonomous Software Agents (Full Edition)

TL;DR

This paper presents a formal framework and implementation for autonomous agents to reason about multiple goals and norms simultaneously, balancing goal achievement and norm compliance using utility-based plan comparison.

Contribution

It introduces a formal model for normative practical reasoning with concurrent durative actions and implements it in Answer Set Programming, ensuring soundness and completeness.

Findings

The formal model supports multiple goals and norms with concurrent actions.

Plans are evaluated based on utility gain and loss, optimizing overall utility.

The Answer Set Programming implementation is proven to be sound and complete.

Abstract

Autonomous software agents operating in dynamic environments need to constantly reason about actions in pursuit of their goals, while taking into consideration norms which might be imposed on those actions. Normative practical reasoning supports agents making decisions about what is best for them to (not) do in a given situation. What makes practical reasoning challenging is the interplay between goals that agents are pursuing and the norms that the agents are trying to uphold. We offer a formalisation to allow agents to plan for multiple goals and norms in the presence of durative actions that can be executed concurrently. We compare plans based on decision-theoretic notions (i.e. utility) such that the utility gain of goals and utility loss of norm violations are the basis for this comparison. The set of optimal plans consists of plans that maximise the overall utility, each of which can be chosen by the agent to execute. We provide an implementation of our proposal in Answer Set Programming, thus allowing us to state the original problem in terms of a logic program that can be queried for solutions with specific properties. The implementation is proven to be sound and complete.