# Can we observe neutrino flares in coincidence with explosive transients?

## TL;DR

This paper establishes criteria for detecting neutrino flares from explosive transients, linking neutrino observability to photon flux and source properties, aiding multi-messenger astronomy efforts.

## Contribution

It provides a general framework to assess the detectability of neutrinos from transient sources based on their luminosity and variability, guiding observational strategies.

## Key findings

- Relativistic transients like GRBs and blazar flares are promising neutrino sources.
- Luminous supernovae could be detectable neutrino sources among non-relativistic transients.
- Many monitored transients, such as Crab flares, are unlikely to meet the detection criteria.

## Abstract

The new generation of powerful instruments is reaching sensitivities and temporal resolutions that will allow multi-messenger astronomy of explosive transient phenomena, with high-energy neutrinos as a central figure. We derive general criteria for the detectability of neutrinos from powerful transient sources, for given instrument sensitivities. In practice, we provide the minimal photon flux necessary for neutrino detection based on two main observables, the bolometric luminosity and the time variability of the emission. This limit can be compared to the observations in specified wavelengths in order to target the most promising sources for follow-ups. Our criteria can also help discriminating false associations of neutrino events with a flaring source. We find that relativistic transient sources such as High- and Low-Luminosity GRBs, Blazar flares, Tidal Disruption Events and magnetar flares could be observed with IceCube, as they have a good chance to occur within a detectable distance. Among non-relativistic transient sources, only luminous supernovae appear as promising candidates. We caution that our criterion should not be directly applied to low-luminosity GRBs and Type Ibc supernovae, as these objects could have hosted a choked GRB, leading to neutrino emission without a relevant counterpart radiation. We treat a set of concrete examples and show that several transients, some of which are being monitored by IceCube, are far from meeting the criterion for detectability (e.g., Crab flares or Swift J1644+57).