# Aggregation Dynamics of Active Rotating Particles in Dense Passive Media

## TL;DR

This study investigates how active rotating particles, or spinners, aggregate within dense passive colloidal monolayers, revealing that aggregation depends on the passive medium's elasticity and spinner activity, with implications for non-equilibrium active matter systems.

## Contribution

The paper combines experiments and simulations to demonstrate the conditions under which active spinners aggregate in passive media, highlighting the role of medium elasticity and activity thresholds.

## Key findings

- Spinner aggregation occurs only in elastic passive monolayers.
- A characteristic cluster size maximizes aggregation dynamics.
- Co- and counter-rotating spinners form separate clusters in mixtures.

## Abstract

Active matter systems are able to exhibit emergent non-equilibrium states due to activity-induced effective interactions between the active particles. Here we study the aggregation and dynamical behavior of active rotating particles, spinners, embedded in 2D passive colloidal monolayers, which constitutes one such non-equilibrium process. Using both experiments and simulations we observe aggregation of active particles or spinners whose behavior resembles classical 2D coarsening. The aggregation behavior and spinner attraction depends on the mechanical properties of the passive monolayer and the activity of spinners. Spinner aggregation only occurs when the passive monolayer behaves elastically and when the spinner activity exceeds a minimum activity threshold. Interestingly for the spinner concentrations investigated here, the spinner concentration doesn't seem to change the dynamics of the aggregation behavior. There is also a characteristic cluster size at which the dynamics of spinner aggregation is maximized as drag through the passive monolayer is minimized and the stress applied on the passive medium is maximized. We also show that a ternary mixture of passive particles, co-rotating, and counter-rotating spinners also aggregates into clusters of co and counter-rotating spinners respectively.