# Synchronization, Lyapunov exponents and stable manifolds for random dynamical systems

## TL;DR

This paper explores the relationship between synchronization, Lyapunov exponents, and stable manifolds in random dynamical systems, providing theoretical insights and simple examples that challenge common assumptions about their interdependence.

## Contribution

It formulates conditions linking synchronization and Lyapunov exponents, and presents novel examples illustrating complex behaviors in one-dimensional monotone systems.

## Key findings

- Negative Lyapunov exponent does not guarantee synchronization.
- Positive Lyapunov exponent does not prevent synchronization.
- Simple examples demonstrate the nuanced relationship between stability and divergence.

## Abstract

During the past decades, the question of existence and properties of a random attractor of a random dynamical system generated by an S(P)DE has received considerable attention, for example by the work of Gess and R\"ockner. Recently some authors investigated sufficient conditions which guarantee synchronization, i.e. existence of a random attractor which is a singleton. It is reasonable to conjecture that synchronization and negativity (or non-positivity) of the top Lyapunov exponent of the system should be closely related since both mean that the system is contracting in some sense. Based on classical results by Ruelle, we formulate positive results in this direction. Finally we provide two very simple but striking examples of one-dimensional monotone random dynamical systems for which 0 is a fixed point. In the first example, the Lyapunov exponent is strictly negative but nevertheless all trajectories starting outside of 0 diverge to $\infty$ or $-\infty$. In particular, there is no synchronization (not even locally). In the second example (which is just the time reversal of the first), the Lyapunov exponent is strictly positive but nevertheless there is synchronization.