# A new air-shower observable to constrain hadronic interaction models

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel observable based on muon energy spectra in air showers to better constrain hadronic interaction models, especially in the critical energy range of 10^{17.5} to 10^{18} eV.

## Contribution

A new observable (
mu) derived from muon ground energy spectra is proposed to effectively constrain hadronic interaction models in air shower simulations.

## Key findings

-
mu can distinguish between different hadronic models.
- The observable is effective within current experimental resolutions.
- The study focuses on the energy range 10^{17.5} to 10^{18} eV.

## Abstract

The energy spectrum of muons at ground level in air showers are studied and a new observable is proposed to constrain hadronic interaction models used in air shower simulations. An asymmetric Gaussian function is proposed to describe the muon ground energy spectrum and its parameters are studied regarding primary particle, energy and hadronic interaction models. Based on two realistic measurements of the muon density at a given distance from the shower axis, a new observable (\rmu) is defined. Considering realistic values of detector resolutions and number of measured events, it is also shown \rmu can be successfully used to constrain low and high hadronic interaction models. The study is focused in the energy range between $10^{17.5}$ and $10^{18.0}$ eV because of the importance of this interval for particle physics and astrophysical models. The constraining power of the new observable is shown to be large within current experimental capabilities.