# Multi-dimensional Core-Collapse Supernova Simulations with Neutrino Transport

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates multi-dimensional core-collapse supernova simulations using the IDSA neutrino transport scheme across different codes, revealing insights into black hole formation timing and gravitational wave generation.

## Contribution

It introduces the efficient IDSA neutrino transport method into multiple supernova simulation codes, enabling long-term 2D and 3D studies of supernova dynamics.

## Key findings

- Black hole formation is delayed in multi-dimensional simulations.
- Strong standing accretion shock instability occurs before black hole formation.
- Potential gravitational wave signals are associated with shock instability.

## Abstract

We present multi-dimensional core-collapse supernova simulations using the Isotropic Diffusion Source Approximation (IDSA) for the neutrino transport and a modified potential for general relativity in two different supernova codes: FLASH and ELEPHANT. Due to the complexity of the core-collapse supernova explosion mechanism, simulations require not only high-performance computers and the exploitation of GPUs, but also sophisticated approximations to capture the essential microphysics. We demonstrate that the IDSA is an elegant and efficient neutrino radiation transfer scheme, which is portable to multiple hydrodynamics codes and fast enough to investigate long-term evolutions in two and three dimensions. Simulations with a 40 solar mass progenitor are presented in both FLASH (1D and 2D) and ELEPHANT (3D) as an extreme test condition. It is found that the black hole formation time is delayed in multiple dimensions and we argue that the strong standing accretion shock instability before black hole formation will lead to strong gravitational waves.