# Nanophotonic Lithium Niobate Electro-optic Modulators

## TL;DR

This paper presents scalable, high-performance nanophotonic lithium niobate electro-optic modulators using microring resonators and interferometers, achieving high data rates and efficiency suitable for modern communication networks.

## Contribution

Introduction of scalable nanophotonic lithium niobate modulators with record efficiency and data rates, addressing scalability issues of traditional bulky devices.

## Key findings

- Half-wave electro-optic modulation efficiency of 1.8V·cm
- Data rates up to 40 Gbps achieved
- Scalable design suitable for integrated photonics

## Abstract

Modern communication networks require high performance and scalable electro-optic modulators that convert electrical signals to optical signals at high speed. Existing lithium niobate modulators have excellent performance but are bulky and prohibitively expensive to scale up. Here we demonstrate scalable and high-performance nanophotonic electro-optic modulators made of single-crystalline lithium niobate microring resonators and micro-Mach-Zehnder interferometers. We show a half-wave electro-optic modulation efficiency of 1.8V$\cdot$cm and data rates up to 40 Gbps.