# Problems with the sources of the observed gravitational waves and their resolution

## TL;DR

This paper argues that primordial black holes, proposed in 1993, can resolve inconsistencies between observed gravitational waves, early universe structures, and standard astrophysics, offering a unified explanation for multiple cosmological phenomena.

## Contribution

It demonstrates that the primordial black hole model explains gravitational wave sources and early universe observations better than standard astrophysical models.

## Key findings

- Primordial black holes can account for GW150914 source.
- PBH model explains high-redshift supermassive black holes.
- Predicted PBH mass spectrum and density.

## Abstract

Recent direct registration of gravitational waves by LIGO and astronomical observations of the universe at redshifts 5-10 demonstrate that the standard astrophysics and cosmology are in tension with the data. The origin of the source of the GW150914 event, which presumably is a binary of coalescing black holes with masses about 30 solar masses, each with zero spin, as well as the densely populated universe at z= 5-10 by superheavy black holes, blight galaxies, supernovae, and dust does not fit the standard astrophysical picture. It is shown here that the model of primordial black hole (PBH) formation, suggested in 1993, nicely explains all these and more puzzles, including those in contemporary universe, such as MACHOs and the mass spectrum of the observed solar mass black holes.. The mass spectrum and density of PBH is predicted. The scenario may possibly lead to abundant antimatter in the universe and even in the Galaxy.