# PUMA criterion = MODE criterion

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that the PUMA estimator for array processing is mathematically equivalent to the well-known MODE estimator, unifying two approaches under a common criterion.

## Contribution

It reveals that PUMA and MODE estimators minimize the same criterion function, establishing a theoretical connection between the two methods.

## Key findings

- PUMA and MODE estimators are mathematically equivalent.
- Both estimators minimize the same criterion function.
- The equivalence simplifies understanding and application of array processing techniques.

## Abstract

We show that the recently proposed (enhanced) PUMA estimator for array processing minimizes the same criterion function as the well-established MODE estimator. (PUMA = principal-singular-vector utilization for modal analysis, MODE = method of direction estimation.)