# Probing the gauge symmetry breaking of the early universe in 3-3-1 models and beyond by gravitational waves

## TL;DR

This paper investigates how phase transitions in 3-3-1 gauge models of the early universe could generate gravitational waves detectable by future experiments, offering insights into cosmic evolution.

## Contribution

It demonstrates that extended gauge symmetry models like 3-3-1 can produce observable gravitational wave signals from first-order phase transitions.

## Key findings

- Detectable GW signals from 3-3-1 phase transitions at future experiments
- Different peak frequencies of GWs can probe universe's evolution
- Extended gauge models can produce unique GW signatures

## Abstract

Taking the 3-3-1 models (with $SU(3)_c \otimes SU(3)_L \otimes U(1)_Y$ gauge group) as examples, we study that a class of new physics models with extended gauge group could undergo one or several first-order phase transitions associated with the spontaneously symmetry breaking processes during the evolution of the universe, which can produce detectable phase transition gravitational wave (GW) signals at future GW experiments, such as LISA, BBO, DECIGO, SKA and aLIGO. These GW signals can provide new sources of GWs with different peak frequencies, and can be used to probe the evolution history of the universe.