# The Nanofluidic Confinement Apparatus: Studying confinement dependent nanoparticle behavior and diffusion

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a versatile nanofluidic setup for studying nanoparticle behavior and diffusion as a function of confinement, achieving nanometer precision in controlling and measuring the gap between surfaces.

## Contribution

The authors develop a high-precision, open-system nanofluidic apparatus enabling detailed investigation of nanoparticle dynamics under variable confinement conditions.

## Key findings

- Diffusion constant decreases monotonically with decreasing gap.
- Particles are consistently positioned above the gap center due to higher charge.
- Sub-diffusive behavior emerges at gaps below 120 nm.

## Abstract

We present a versatile setup for investigating the nanofluidic behavior of nanoparticles as a function of the gap distance between two confining surfaces. The setup is designed as an open system which operates with small amounts of dispersion of $\approx 20\,\mu$l, permits the use of coated and patterned samples, and allows high-numerical-aperture microscopy access. Piezo elements enable 5D relative positioning of the surfaces. We achieve a parallelization of less than $1\,$nm vertical deviation over a lateral distance of $10\,\mu$m. The vertical separation is tunable and detectable with subnanometer accuracy down to direct contact. At rest, the gap distance is stable on a nanometer level. Using the tool we measure the vertical position termed height and the lateral diffusion of $60\,$nm charged Au nanospheres as a function of confinement between a glass and a polymer surface. Interferometric scattering detection results in sub $10\,$nm vertical and sub $5\,$nm lateral particle localization accuracy, and a single particle illumination time below $40\,\mu$s. We measure the height of the particles to be consistently above the gap center, corresponding to a higher charge on the polymer substrate. In terms of diffusion, we find a strong monotonic decay of the diffusion constant with decreasing gap distance. This result cannot be explained by hydrodynamic effects, including the asymmetric vertical position of the particles in the gap. Instead we attribute it to an electroviscous effect. For strong confinement of less than $120\,$nm gap distance, we detect an onset of sub-diffusion which can be correlated to a motion of the particles along high-gap-distance paths.