# Quantitative in-situ monitoring of germinating barley seeds using X-ray dark-field radiography

## TL;DR

This study demonstrates the use of non-destructive X-ray dark-field radiography to quantitatively monitor microstructural changes during barley seed germination, providing detailed insights into the modification process relevant for malt production.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a novel application of X-ray dark-field radiography for in-situ, quantitative monitoring of individual barley seed germination, capturing microstructural dynamics non-destructively.

## Key findings

- Detected microstructural changes related to water uptake and starch modification.
- Quantified the movement of modification fronts over time.
- Identified sub-resolution stress cracks and starch granule signals.

## Abstract

During production of malt from barley seeds, cell walls and starch granules in the endosperm are degraded. Although this modification process is important for malt quality, the modification patterns of individual barley seeds have yet to be reported. The use of destructive microscopy methods have previously limited the investigations to ensemble averages. X-ray dark-field radiography is a recent non-destructive imaging method which is sensitive to microstructural variations. In this study, the method was applied for quantitative in-situ monitoring of barley seeds. Microstructural changes relating to water uptake and modification were monitored over a 43-55 h period. Sub-resolution stress cracks as well as a dark-field signal believed to originate from starch granules were detected. The evolution of the dark-field signal followed the known modification pattern in barley seeds. Through image analysis, quantitative parameters describing the movement of the front of the observed pattern were obtained. Based on these findings, X-ray dark-field radiography presents a possible novel approach to monitor the modification of germinating barley seeds.