# Model-independent analyses of non-Gaussianity in Planck CMB maps using Minkowski Functionals

## TL;DR

This paper develops a model-independent framework using Minkowski Functionals and Hermite expansions to analyze non-Gaussianity in Planck CMB maps, confirming weak non-Gaussian signals consistent with Gaussianity.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel, model-independent method employing Minkowski Functionals and perturbative expansions to quantify non-Gaussianity in CMB data.

## Key findings

- Confirmed weak non-Gaussianity in Planck 2015 maps
- Validated the effectiveness of Hermite and perturbative expansions
- Provided explicit formulas for cumulant-based coefficients

## Abstract

Despite the wealth of $Planck$ results, there are difficulties in disentangling the primordial non-Gaussianity of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) from the secondary and the foreground non-Gaussianity (NG). For each of these forms of NG the lack of complete data introduces model-dependencies. Aiming at detecting the NGs of the CMB temperature anisotropy $\delta T$, while paying particular attention to a model-independent quantification of NGs, our analysis is based upon statistical and morphological univariate descriptors, respectively: the probability density function $P(\delta T)$, related to ${\mathrm v}_{0}$, the first Minkowski Functional (MF), and the two other MFs, ${\mathrm v}_{1}$ and ${\mathrm v}_{2}$. From their analytical Gaussian predictions we build the discrepancy functions $\Delta_{k}$ ($k=P,0,1,2$) which are applied to an ensemble of $10^{5}$ CMB realization maps of the $\Lambda$CDM model and to the $Planck$ CMB maps. In our analysis we use general Hermite expansions of the $\Delta_{k}$ up to the $12^{th}$ order, where the coefficients are explicitly given in terms of cumulants. Assuming hierarchical ordering of the cumulants, we obtain the perturbative expansions generalizing the $2^{nd}$ order expansions of Matsubara to arbitrary order in the standard deviation $\sigma_0$ for $P(\delta T)$ and ${\mathrm v}_0$, where the perturbative expansion coefficients are explicitly given in terms of complete Bell polynomials. The comparison of the Hermite expansions and the perturbative expansions is performed for the $\Lambda$CDM map sample and the $Planck$ data. We confirm the weak level of non-Gaussianity ($1$-$2$)$\sigma$ of the foreground corrected masked $Planck$ $2015$ maps.