# An Ergodic Theorem for Fleming-Viot Models in Random Environments

## TL;DR

This paper introduces the Fleming-Viot process in random environments (FVRE), analyzing its properties, duality relations, convergence from finite models, and ergodic behavior, extending classical models to stochastic fitness landscapes.

## Contribution

It develops a novel FVRE model with stochastic fitness, establishes duality methods for time-inhomogeneous martingale problems, and proves convergence and ergodicity results.

## Key findings

- FVRE is the unique solution to a quenched martingale problem.
- Finite population models converge to FVRE as population size grows.
- The joint process of measure and environment is ergodic under weak ergodicity of the environment.

## Abstract

The Fleming-Viot (FV) process is a measure-valued diffusion that models the evolution of type frequencies in a countable population which evolves under resampling (genetic drift), mutation, and selection. In the classic FV model the fitness (strength) of types is given by a measurable function. In this paper, we introduce and study the Fleming-Viot process in random environment (FVRE), when by random environment we mean the fitness of types is a stochastic process with c\`adl\`ag paths. We identify FVRE as the unique solution to a so called quenched martingale problem and derive some of its properties via martingale and duality methods. We develop the duality methods for general time-inhomogeneous and quenched martingale problems. In fact, some important aspects of the duality relations only appears for time-inhomogeneous (and quenched) martingale problems. For example, we see that duals evolve backward in time with respect to the main Markov process whose evolution is forward in time. Using a family of function-valued dual processes for FVRE, we prove that, as the number of individuals $N$ tends to $\infty$, the measure-valued Moran process $\mu_N^{e_N}$ (with fitness process $e_N$) converges weakly in Skorokhod topology of c\`adl\`ag functions to the FVRE process $\mu^e$ (with fitness process $e$), if $e_N \rightarrow e$ a.s. in Skorokhod topology of c\`adl\`ag functions. We also study the long-time behaviour of FVRE process $(\mu_t^e)_{t\geq 0}$ joint with its fitness process $e=(e_t)_{t\geq 0}$ and prove that the joint FV-environment process $(\mu_t^e,e_t)_{t\geq 0}$ is ergodic under the assumption of weak ergodicity of $e$.