# Thermodynamics of mixtures of patchy and spherical colloids of different sizes: a multi-body association theory with complete reference fluid information

## TL;DR

This paper develops a multi-body association theory for predicting the structure and thermodynamics of mixtures of patchy and spherical colloids of different sizes, incorporating complete reference fluid information for improved accuracy.

## Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive multi-body association framework that accounts for full reference fluid correlations, enhancing predictions of colloid mixture behavior over previous models.

## Key findings

- Complete reference information improves thermodynamic predictions.
- The theory accurately predicts bonding states across various conditions.
- Enhanced sampling and statistical models estimate occupancy probabilities effectively.

## Abstract

We present a theory to predict the structure and thermodynamics of mixtures of colloids of different diameters, building on our earlier work [J. Chem. Phys. 145, 074904 (2016)] that considered mixtures with all particles constrained to have the same size. The patchy, solvent particles have short-range directional interactions, while the solute particles have short-range isotropic interactions. The hard-sphere mixture without any association site forms the reference fluid. An important ingredient within the multi-body association theory is the description of clustering of the reference solvent around the reference solute. Here we account for the physical, multi-body clusters of the reference solvent around the reference solute in terms of occupancy statistics in a defined observation volume. These occupancy probabilities are obtained from enhanced sampling simulations, but we also present statistical mechanical models to estimate these probabilities with limited simulation data. Relative to an approach that describes only up to three-body correlations in the reference, incorporating the complete reference information better predicts the bonding state and thermodynamics of the physical solute for a wide range of system conditions. Importantly, analysis of the residual chemical potential of the infinitely dilute solute from molecular simulation and theory shows that whereas the chemical potential is somewhat insensitive to the description of the structure of the reference fluid the energetic and entropic contributions are not, with the results from the complete reference approach being in better agreement with particle simulations.