# Non-Gaussian Velocity Distributions in Solar Flares from Extreme Ultraviolet Lines: A Possible Diagnostic of Ion Acceleration

## TL;DR

This study analyzes extreme ultraviolet emission lines from a solar flare to identify non-Gaussian velocity distributions, suggesting ion acceleration and turbulence as key processes in flare energy release.

## Contribution

It provides the first evidence of non-Gaussian ion velocity distributions in solar flares, linking spectral line profiles to ion acceleration and turbulence.

## Key findings

- Non-Gaussian line profiles consistent with kappa-distributions.
- Kappa indices of 3-5 near flare footpoints with non-thermal electrons.
- Kappa indices of 4-7 in the corona near low-energy HXR sources.

## Abstract

In a solar flare, a large fraction of the magnetic energy released is converted rapidly to the kinetic energy of non-thermal particles and bulk plasma motion. This will likely result in non-equilibrium particle distributions and turbulent plasma conditions. We investigate this by analysing the profiles of high-temperature extreme ultraviolet emission lines from a major flare (SOL2014-03-29T17:44) observed by the EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on Hinode. We find that in many locations the line profiles are non-Gaussian, consistent with a kappa-distribution of emitting ions with properties that vary in space and time. At the flare footpoints, close to sites of hard X-ray emission from non-thermal electrons, the kappa-index for the Fe XVI 262.976 angstrom line at 3 MK takes values of 3-5. In the corona, close to a low-energy HXR source, the Fe XXIII 263.760 angstrom line at 15 MK shows kappa values of typically 4-7. The observed trends in the kappa parameter show that we are most likely detecting the properties of the ion population rather than any instrumental effects. We calculate that a non-thermal ion population could exist if locally accelerated on timescales < 0.1 s. However, observations of net redshifts in the lines also imply the presence of plasma downflows which could lead to bulk turbulence, with increased non-Gaussianity in cooler regions. Both interpretations have important implications for theories of solar flare particle acceleration.