# An accelerated splitting algorithm for radio-interferometric imaging: when natural and uniform weighting meet

## TL;DR

This paper introduces an accelerated primal-dual algorithm for radio-interferometric imaging that efficiently combines natural and uniform weighting, improving convergence speed, sensitivity, and resolution in large-scale data processing.

## Contribution

It proposes a novel preconditioning strategy that incorporates sampling density and noise statistics into a primal-dual algorithm, unifying natural and uniform weighting schemes.

## Key findings

- Accelerated convergence with realistic sampling patterns.
- Enhanced sensitivity and resolution over traditional methods.
- Effective reconstruction of real radio galaxy data.

## Abstract

Next generation radio-interferometers, like the Square Kilometre Array, will acquire tremendous amounts of data with the goal of improving the size and sensitivity of the reconstructed images by orders of magnitude. The efficient processing of large-scale data sets is of great importance. We propose an acceleration strategy for a recently proposed primal-dual distributed algorithm. A preconditioning approach can incorporate into the algorithmic structure both the sampling density of the measured visibilities and the noise statistics. Using the sampling density information greatly accelerates the convergence speed, especially for highly non-uniform sampling patterns, while relying on the correct noise statistics optimises the sensitivity of the reconstruction. In connection to CLEAN, our approach can be seen as including in the same algorithmic structure both natural and uniform weighting, thereby simultaneously optimising both the resolution and the sensitivity. The method relies on a new non-Euclidean proximity operator for the data fidelity term, that generalises the projection onto the $\ell_2$ ball where the noise lives for naturally weighted data, to the projection onto a generalised ellipsoid incorporating sampling density information through uniform weighting. Importantly, this non-Euclidean modification is only an acceleration strategy to solve the convex imaging problem with data fidelity dictated only by noise statistics. We showcase through simulations with realistic sampling patterns the acceleration obtained using the preconditioning. We also investigate the algorithm performance for the reconstruction of the 3C129 radio galaxy from real visibilities and compare with multi-scale CLEAN, showing better sensitivity and resolution. Our MATLAB code is available online on GitHub.