# Up- and down-quark contributions to the nucleon electromagnetic form factors at low $Q^2$

## TL;DR

This paper analyzes the up- and down-quark contributions to nucleon electromagnetic form factors at low momentum transfer, using precise experimental data to enhance understanding of nucleon structure.

## Contribution

It provides an updated extraction of flavor-separated form factors from worldwide data, emphasizing new low-$Q^2$ measurements and comparing results with recent theories.

## Key findings

- Up- and down-quark form factors are precisely extracted at low $Q^2$.
- Results are compared with recent theoretical models and previous extractions.
- The analysis improves understanding of the nucleon's large-scale structure.

## Abstract

The spatial distribution of charge and magnetization within the nucleon (proton and neutron) is encoded in the elastic electromagnetic form factors $G_E^{(p,n)}$ and $G_M^{(p,n)}$. These form factors have been precisely measured utilizing elastic electron scattering, and the combination of proton and neutron form factors allows for the separation of the up- and down-quark contributions to the nucleon form factors. We expand on our original analyses and extract the up- and down-quark contributions to the nucleon electromagnetic form factors from worldwide data with an emphasis on precise new data covering the low-momentum region, which is sensitive to the large-scale structure of the nucleon. From these, we construct the flavor-separated Dirac and Pauli form factors and their ratios, and compare the results to recent extractions and theoretical calculations and models.