Globular Cluster Formation at High Density: A model for Elemental Enrichment with Fast Recycling of Massive-Star Debris

TL;DR

This paper presents a model for globular cluster formation emphasizing high-density environments that enhance self-enrichment and stellar interactions, explaining observed elemental abundances and stellar ejection phenomena.

Contribution

It introduces a novel high-density cluster formation model incorporating stellar interactions and gas dynamics to explain elemental enrichment and stellar ejection.

Findings

Self-enrichment increases with gas density due to stellar interactions.

Agreement with observations for specific cloud core mass and density.

Stellar ejection may explain missing first-generation stars in dwarf galaxy halos.

Abstract

The self-enrichment of massive star clusters by p-processed elements is shown to increase significantly with increasing gas density as a result of enhanced star formation rates and stellar scatterings compared to the lifetime of a massive star. Considering the type of cloud core where a globular cluster might have formed, we follow the evolution and enrichment of the gas and the time dependence of stellar mass. A key assumption is that interactions between massive stars are important at high density, including interactions between massive stars and massive star binaries that can shred stellar envelopes. Massive-star interactions should also scatter low-mass stars out of the cluster. Reasonable agreement with the observations is obtained for a cloud core mass of ~4x10^6 M_sun and a density of ~2x10^6 cm^{-3}. The results depend primarily on a few dimensionless parameters, including, most importantly, the ratio of the gas consumption time to the lifetime of a massive star, which has to be low, ~10%, and the efficiency of scattering low-mass stars per unit dynamical time, which has to be relatively large, such as a few percent. Also for these conditions, the velocity dispersions of embedded globular clusters should be comparable to the high gas dispersions of galaxies at that time, so that stellar ejection by multi-star interactions could cause low-mass stars to leave a dwarf galaxy host altogether. This could solve the problem of missing first-generation stars in the halos of Fornax and WLM.