Utilization of a shallow underground laboratory for studies of the energy dependent CR solar modulation

TL;DR

This paper explores using a shallow underground lab with specific detector configurations to study how cosmic ray solar modulation varies with energy, combining simulations and experiments for optimal setup design.

Contribution

It proposes a novel detector configuration and methodology for energy-dependent cosmic ray studies in a shallow underground environment, validated through simulations and experimental tests.

Findings

Simulation predictions match experimental data

Optimal detector setup identified for broad energy range

Feasibility of using shallow underground lab demonstrated

Abstract

The aim of the paper is to investigate possibility of utilizing a shallow underground laboratory for the study of energy dependent solar modulation process and to find an optimum detector configuration sensitive to primaries of widest possible energy range for a given site. The laboratory ought to be equipped with single muon detectors at ground level and underground as well as the underground detector array for registration of multi-muon events of different multiplicities. The response function of these detectors to primary cosmic-rays is determined from Monte Carlo simulation of muon generation and propagation through the atmosphere and soil, based on Corsika and GEANT4 simulation packages. The simulation predictions in terms of flux ratio, lateral distribution, response functions and energy dependencies are tested experimentally and feasibility of proposed setup in Belgrade underground laboratory is discussed.