A scalable approach for tree segmentation within small-footprint airborne LiDAR data

TL;DR

This paper introduces a distributed, scalable method for segmenting individual trees in large LiDAR datasets, enabling efficient forest inventory analysis with near-linear speedup and minimal bias across tile boundaries.

Contribution

A novel distributed processing approach for tree segmentation in large LiDAR datasets, scalable to extensive forest areas and adaptable to other spatial data processing tasks.

Findings

Segmented ~2 million trees in 2.5 hours using 192 cores.

Achieved near-linear speedup in processing time.

Maintained low false positive rate of 2%.

Abstract

This paper presents a distributed approach that scales up to segment tree crowns within a LiDAR point cloud representing an arbitrarily large forested area. The approach uses a single-processor tree segmentation algorithm as a building block in order to process the data delivered in the shape of tiles in parallel. The distributed processing is performed in a master-slave manner, in which the master maintains the global map of the tiles and coordinates the slaves that segment tree crowns within and across the boundaries of the tiles. A minimal bias was introduced to the number of detected trees because of trees lying across the tile boundaries, which was quantified and adjusted for. Theoretical and experimental analyses of the runtime of the approach revealed a near linear speedup. The estimated number of trees categorized by crown class and the associated error margins as well as the height distribution of the detected trees aligned well with field estimations, verifying that the distributed approach works correctly. The approach enables providing information of individual tree locations and point cloud segments for a forest-level area in a timely manner, which can be used to create detailed remotely sensed forest inventories. Although the approach was presented for tree segmentation within LiDAR point clouds, the idea can also be generalized to scale up processing other big spatial datasets. Highlights: - A scalable distributed approach for tree segmentation was developed and theoretically analyzed. - ~2 million trees in a 7440 ha forest was segmented in 2.5 hours using 192 cores. - 2% false positive trees were identified as a result of the distributed run. - The approach can be used to scale up processing other big spatial data