Influence of the proton initiated at most two electromagnetic sub-cascades events on IACT observations

TL;DR

This study investigates how events with at most two electromagnetic sub-cascades in proton showers affect gamma/hadron separation efficiency in IACTs, especially at low energies, using Monte Carlo simulations.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of the impact of at most two electromagnetic sub-cascades events on gamma-ray detection, considering various observational parameters and hadron interaction models.

Findings

Efficiency of gamma/hadron separation decreases with increasing two sub-cascade events.

The effect is similar to single electromagnetic sub-cascade and pi0 events.

Impact varies with hadron interaction models, trigger threshold, and observatory altitude.

Abstract

The efficiency of the $\gamma$/hadron separation worsens significantly at low energies for Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes (IACT). This observed effect was partially explained by the occurrence of a hardly reducible hadronic background (i.e. detected images that are formed mainly by the light from a single electromagnetic or a single $\pi^0$ sub-cascade in the proton induced shower) [1,2]. IACTs also record events containing Cherenkov light from at most two electromagnetic sub-cascades, which don't have to be products of single $\pi^0$ decay in the hadron initiated showers. In this paper, the impact of at most two electromagnetic sub-cascades events on the primary $\gamma$-ray selection was studied using the Monte Carlo simulations. We investigate how the total fraction of at most two sub-cascades events in the expected total protonic background depends on the hadron interaction models (GHEISHA and FLUKA), trigger threshold, reflector area and altitude of the observatory. We show that the efficiency of the $\gamma$/hadron separation is anti-correlated with the contribution of at most two electromagnetic sub-cascades events in the proton initiated showers below 200 GeV. The influence of at most two electromagnetic sub-cascades events on the $\gamma$-ray selection is similar to the effect of the single electromagnetic sub-cascade and singe $\pi^0$ events in IACT observations. The occurrence of all these images in the data collected by IACTs reduces the efficiency of the $\gamma$/hadron separation at low energies.