Are Starburst Galaxies Proton Calorimeters?

TL;DR

This paper develops a model to assess whether starburst galaxies act as proton calorimeters by fitting gamma-ray data and estimating cosmic-ray acceleration parameters, finding that some are nearly fully calorimetric while others exceed limits.

Contribution

The study introduces a one-zone, thick-target model for gamma-ray emission in starbursts, providing constraints on cosmic-ray acceleration and calorimetry status based on multi-band observations.

Findings

M82 and NGC 253 are well-fit by the model, indicating near-complete proton calorimetry.

Estimated cosmic-ray acceleration energy per supernova aligns with Galactic values.

Some galaxies like Circinus and Arp 220 exceed the model's pionic gamma-ray upper limits.

Abstract

Several starburst galaxies have been observed in the GeV and TeV bands. In these dense environments, gamma-ray emission should be dominated by cosmic-ray interactions with the interstellar medium ($p_{\rm cr}p_{\rm ism} \to \pi^{0} \to \gamma\gamma$). Indeed, starbursts may act as proton "calorimeters" where a substantial fraction of cosmic-ray energy input is emitted in gamma rays. Here we build a one-zone, "thick-target" model implementing calorimetry and placing a firm upper bound on gamma-ray emission from cosmic-ray interactions. The model assumes that cosmic rays are accelerated by supernovae (SNe), and all suffer nuclear interactions rather than escape. Our model has only two free parameters: the cosmic-ray proton acceleration energy per supernova $\epsilon_{\rm cr}$, and the proton injection spectral index $s$. We calculate the pionic gamma-ray emission from 10 MeV to 10 TeV, and derive thick-target parameters for six galaxies with Fermi, H.E.S.S., and/or VERITAS data. Our model provides good fits for the M82 and NGC 253, and yields $\epsilon_{\rm cr}$ and $s$ values suggesting that supernova cosmic-ray acceleration is similar in starbursts and in our Galaxy. We find that these starbursts are indeed nearly if not fully proton calorimeters. For NGC 4945 and NGC 1068, the models are consistent with calorimetry but are less well-constrained due to the lack of TeV data. However, the Circinus galaxy and the ultraluminous infrared galaxy Arp 220 exceed our pionic upper-limit, possible explanations are discussed.